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robidoux > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

phosphorylation of fkhr/fox01

A

insulin>receptor>PI3K>PKB>phosphorylation. FOX01 exported out of nucleus for degradation

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2
Q

acetylation of by HAT FOX leads to ?

A

apoptosis via PUMA

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3
Q

deacetylates FOX

A

sirt1 activators (ie resveratol)

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4
Q

deacetylated FOXO1 leads to ?

A

stress resistance gene expression (ie GADD45). Recovery/repair

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5
Q

G6PC

A

activated by FOXo1. enhanced glucose production and hyperglycemia

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6
Q

MTP

A

activated by Foxo1. enhanced VLDL production

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7
Q

lipogenesis activation by insulin

A

IR, PI3K, Akt, mTORC1, SREP1C

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8
Q

insulin activates/inhibits mTORC1

A

activates

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9
Q

insulin activates/inhibits FOXo1

A

inhbits

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10
Q

insulin activates/inhibits lipolysis

A

inhibits

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11
Q

adaptive thermogenesis

A

regulated by brain, responds to temperature and diet

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12
Q

UCP1

A

found in BAT and beige AT. allows H+ to flow into mito matrix without generating ATP

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13
Q

andrenergic stimulation

A

epinephrine signals break down of TG to fatty acids for beta oxidation

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14
Q

acute regulation of thermogenesis by epinephrine

A

BAT mitochondrial biogenesis ( increased energy expenditure and heat generation), lipolysis (lipid breakdown)

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15
Q

delayed regulation of thermogenesis by epinephrine

A

activation of UCP1 and PGC1 alpha transcription leads to further increased energy expenditure and heat generation

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16
Q

natriuretic peptide

A

stimulates lipolysis and transcription of UCP1 and PGC1 alpha

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17
Q

control of natruretic peptide production

A

enhanced by exercise, cold exposure. decreased by obesity/insulin resistance

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18
Q

myf5

A

gene/protein involved in regulating muscle cell differentiation

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19
Q

embryonic origin of adipocytes

A

myf5 positive (primarily brown, some white), myf5 negative (primarily white, some beige)

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20
Q

causes browning

A

cold and beta3 agonism

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21
Q

causes whitening

A

HFD and thermoneutrality

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22
Q

effect of weight gain on macrophages and insulin resistance

A

recruitment of M1 macrophages > produce NFKB > TNFalpha > insulin resistance

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23
Q

TH2 inducing therapeutics

A

increased insulin action/glucose disposal. More m2 macrophages

24
Q

M2 derived catecholamines

A

involved in browning via cold exposure and caloric restriction

25
Q

caloric restriction effect on white fat glucose uptake

A

causes preferential glucose uptake in white fat

26
Q

effect of caloric intake on SIRT1

A

decreased caloric intake enhances SIRT1 expression

27
Q

NK cells effect on insulin resitance

A

enhance insulin resistance in obesity by regulating ATMs

28
Q

ghrelin

A

triggers feelings of hunger

29
Q

PYY

A

appetite supressant produced in small intestine that counters ghrelin

30
Q

leptin

A

appetite supressant produced by adipose

31
Q

ghrelin mechanism

A

acts on GHS-R, stimulates AgRP neuron, stimulates appetite

32
Q

leptin mechanism

A

acts on Ob-R, inhbitis AgRP neuron, suppresses appetite

33
Q

effect of cortisol on hypothalamus CRH levels

A

inverse

34
Q

counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia

A

decreased insulin and cognition, increased epinephrine, glucagon, cortisol

35
Q

insulin produced by ? in pancreas

A

Beta cells

36
Q

glucagon produced by ? in pancreas

A

alpha cells

37
Q

Under experimental conditions, brain glucose levels are maintained at normal levels despite _____, the counter regulatory response is blocked.

A

peripheral hypoglycemia

38
Q

if the brain is deprived of glucose while the rest of the body is maintained at ____, a robust counter regulatory response is produced.

A

euglycemia

39
Q

glucose inhibited neurons

A

inactivated by glucoprivation

40
Q

mechanism for glucose sensing neuron

A

glucose>glut>G6P>high ATP>blocks Katp channe (depolarization)l>firing

41
Q

low metabolism glucose sensing neuron

A

Katp channel open, Ca channel closed, no homrone release

42
Q

glucose control of AgRP

A

high glucose blocks

43
Q

glucose control of POMC

A

high glucose activates

44
Q

central leptin effects

A

Not only reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure, but also improves glucose homeostasis independent of its ability to reduce body weight.

45
Q

central insulin effects

A

Central insulin signaling regulates peripheral glucose homeostasis and its effects is mainly mediated with KATP channels and vagus nerve innervated to liver.

46
Q

leptin signalling uses what pathway

A

jakstat

47
Q

stress increase plasma glucose

A

increased epinephrine and cortisol. epinephrine stimulates beta adrenergic receptor leading to increased cAMP. cAMP stimulates glycogen phosphorylase

48
Q

alternative mechanism of glucose sensing neuron

A

release of glial lactate inhibits Katp (depolarizing) increasing firing rate. effects on glucose transport

49
Q

insulin action in hepatic glucose production

A

blocks glucose production

50
Q

insulin action in brain

A

blocks food intake

51
Q

leptin effect on brain

A

reduces food intake

52
Q

leptin effect on muslce

A

glucose utilization

53
Q

leptin effect on AgRP neuron

A

binds Ob-R and reduces firing rate of AgRP neuron. reduces glucose production

54
Q

leptin effect on pancreas

A

insulin secretion

55
Q

leptin effect on POMC neuron

A

binds leptin receptor > jakstat > activates POMC > reduces glucose production

56
Q

insulin effect on liver

A

decreased glucose production

57
Q

insulin in adipose

A

white (lipogenesis), brown (thermogenesis)

robidoux (1 decks)

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