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Microbiology > Exam #4 > Flashcards

Exam #4 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the plasmodium (plasmodia) species cause

A

The cause of malaria

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2
Q 
What is medically important 
 about protists (4)
A

1) 350-500million cases annually, 1 million deaths: recurrent fevers, CNS effects
2) protozoan transmitted through the bite of mosquito (anopheles species)
3) essentially eradicated from US, but could be reintroduced
4) various forms/symptoms caused by blood stage parasites(merozoites)

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3
Q

How to be a successful pathogen (7)

A

1) maintain a reservoir
2) leave reservoir and encounter a host
3) stick to a body surface
4) invade deeper into tissues
5) evade/escape immune defenses
6) multiply within body
7) leave host & encounter new host or enter reservoir

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4
Q

How is maintaining a reservoir achieved (3)

A

1) human-only reservoir for many pathogens; common cold, Bordetella pertussis(whooping cough), polio virus
2) animal/transmitted through bite(rabies), consuming meat, handling animal products. -often serve as site for organism to change
3) environment- soil

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5
Q

How do you get to and enter a host

A

1) transmission
2) portals of entry
- respiratory tract
- gastrointestinal Tract
- urogenital tract
- parenteral (through breaks in the skin and/or mucus membrane
- vertical (cross placental transmission)

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6
Q

What are the two types of modes of transmission

A

Direct and indirect

Arthropod vectors

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7
Q

What are the types of direct modes of transmission

A

1) direct
2) respiratory droplets ~ 1 meter range
3) aerosois - spores, pulled up from air currents & stays in the air longer
4) vertical

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8
Q

What are the types of indirect modes of transmission

A
  • fomities- inanimate contaminated objects
  • fecal oral route
  • vectors
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9
Q

What are the arthropod vectors modes of transmission

And what are the two types of it

A
  • flies, fleas, mosquitoes, ticks, lice

Mechanical - fly lands on feces & then after lands in your food

Biological - mosquito actually is infected with the bacteria

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10
Q

What is tissue tropism

A

Specific cell/tissue/organ attached by pathogen

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11
Q

What is tissue tropism determined by

A

Determined by specific interactions between adhesion/spike and human cell receptors

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12
Q

How do you adher to a body surface

A
  • adhesion (pilli/fimbriae)
  • capsules
  • spike proteins/capsids(viruses)
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13
Q

How is invading the body non-invasive

And how is it accomplished

A

Non invasive sit there

Accomplished by:

  • Invade deeper into tissues
  • Invade mobile cells, moved throughout the body
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14
Q

How does evading the body’s defenses work

A

Evading phagocytosis

Other ways of evading the immune system
- secrete antibody destroying enzymes
• IGA protase(enzyme secreted by bacteria)

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15
Q

Antibody is what

A

Infection fighting protein, bind to antigen

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16
Q

Antigen is what

A

Usually non-self molecule that elicits immune response

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17
Q

What is intermission before the serious infection starts ?

A

1) obtaining iron (limits development of infection
- Human body has significant amount of iron
- bacteria need it to grow
- but, just if it is kicked up bound to human proteins so bacteria can’t get it
- to scavenge the iron, bacteria secrete siderophores to steak the iron from the human proteins, then Bring it back to bacterial cell

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18
Q

Multiplication = what

A

Disease —> shear #’s and quorum sensing

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19
Q

Why is pathogenesis useful for bacteria

A
  • damaging tissues
    - make nutrients available
    - move around body
  • enable spread between hosts
  • not always clear
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20
Q

Exoenzymes do what

A

Breakdown and damage tissues

- musinases, collagenases, And hyaluromjdases 
 - these all destroy extracellular
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21
Q

What are toxins

A

Poisonous products that damage human tissue

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22
Q

What are endotoxins

A

Part of gram (-) outer membrane; heat stable

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23
Q

What are exotoxins

A

Excreted outside the cell (both gram + and -)

Usually more toxic than endotoxin; heat sensitive
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24
Q

AB toxins contain what?

A

They contain A and B subunits

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25
Q

What does A subunit do

A

Has enzymatic activity —> toxic reaction

26
Q

What does B subunit do

A

Binds toxins to cell

- enter the cell through pore or endocytosis

27
Q

Why is ADP ribosylation important

A

Important human protein has had ADP- ribose attached = can’t do its job correctly

28
Q

What does virbio cholerae cause

A

Watery diarrhea in large volume

29
Q

Vibrio cholerae is massive fluid and electrolyte loss

- cardiac and renal failure
- mortality w/o treatment = 40%
A

Know this

30
Q

What is the mechanisms of vibrio cholerae

A

Cholera toxin causes active secretion of ions and water in the small intestine by activating adenylate cyclase and increasing cAMP

31
Q

What are the 2 types of exotoxins - membrane disrupters

A

1) pore formers

2) phospholipases

32
Q

What are pore formers

A

Secretes by bacteria from pore in human cell

33
Q

What are phospholipases

A

Chop off phosphate head from fatty acid tails

34
Q

Endotoxins are not as toxic as exotxins

A

Know this

35
Q

Endotoxins cause what

A

More problems when bacteria die cell breaks down, and lipid A component is exposed/set free

36
Q

What are the toxic effects from endotoxins due from

A

Due to the body’s immune system releasing cytokines

37
Q

How do exotoxins/endotoxins (?) leabe the body (5)

A

1) respiratory and salivary portals
2) skin scales
3) fecal exit
4) urogenital tract
5) remove of blood or bleeding

38
Q

What are our two basic lines of defense

A

1) innate

2) adaptive

39
Q

What is the innate line of defense?

A

Rapid, non-specific (recognizes broad classes of molecules)

- physical
- chemical
- cell-based
40
Q

What is the adaptive line of defense?

A

Requires previous exposure, or days or weeks to be actives

- very specific
- B and T cells
41
Q

What is the epithelial cells of the skin

A

Epithelial cell’s is skin are connected together to form seamless and relatively impermeable barrier

42
Q

What is the keratin armor of the skin

A

Protein (insoluble in water) secreted by skin cells, makes skin a dry/dessicating environment

43
Q

The skin is exposed to what

A

UV

44
Q

The skin is dry

A

Know this

45
Q

The skin has sebum, what is this

A

Oily Substance with low pH which inhibits bacterial growth

46
Q

The skin has langerhans cells which is what

A

Phagoctize

47
Q

What are 4 types of mechanical defenses

A

1) mucociliary system
2) peristalsis
3) fluid flow
4) skin sloughing

48
Q

What is the mucociliary system

A

Epithelial cells secrete mucus, heat cilia to move trapped bacteria up/out of respiratory system

49
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Wave of smooth muscle contraction

50
Q

What is fluid flow

A

Urine flow pushes bacteria out

51
Q

What is skin sloughing

A

Prevents accumulation of bacteria to high concentrations

52
Q

What is lysozyme in chemical section

A

Enzyme in tears

53
Q

What is defensins in chemical section

A

Antimicrobial peptides that target bacterial plasma membrane

54
Q

What is complement in chemical section

A

Protein cascade in blood that inactivates/destroys bacteria

55
Q

What are the outcomes of the complement pathway

2

A

1) microorganisms enters terminal complement

2) complement acts as opsonin-molecule that facilitates phagocytosis

56
Q

What are the 3 complement pathways

A

Alternative

Classical

Lectin

57
Q

what are macrophages and where do they live

A

lives in tissues and they are the largest phagocyte, kills with lysosome contents

58
Q

what are neutrophil and where do they live

A

live in blood and they are blood phagoctyes, very adbundant, short lived

59
Q

what are natural killer cell

A

they are our own - - destroys virally infected cells and cancerous cells

60
Q

what are unique moluelces that phagocytes recognize

A 
\: pathogen associated molecular patterns
Bacteria
  - LPS
  - peptidoglan
  - teichioce acid
Viruses
   - spike protein/asRNA
Fungal 
   - fungal cell wall(chintin, zymmosan)

Microbiology (4 decks)

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