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anatomy > Exam 4 nervous system > Flashcards

Exam 4 nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of neurotransmitters?

A

Large molecule and small molecule

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of large molecule neurotransmitters?

A

Neuropeptides, 3 to 36 amino acids, long lasting, stored in secretory granules on axon terminals

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of small molecule neurotransmitters?

A

Amines & amino acids, single amino acids, short lasting, presynaptic membrane

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4
Q

Acetylcholine

A

PNS. Rapid fire, causes muscle tissue to contract

CNS. Brainstem, base of forebrain, basal ganglia. Regulates neuronal activity

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5
Q

What are the neurons that release Acetylcholine?

A

cholinergic neurons

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6
Q

What enzymes stop acetylcholine’s action?

A

acetylcholinesterase

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7
Q

Glutamate

A

CNS. (ACH of the CNS) Excitatory. Synaptic plascticity. Learning and memory.

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8
Q

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

A

CNS. Main inhibitory. Binds to postsynaptic receptor sites. Blocks action of neurotransmitter. Controls info flow in nervous system. sleep wake cycle.

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9
Q

What neurons contain GABA?

A

GABAergic neurons

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10
Q

dopamine

A

Motor control, reward system (reward & addiction)

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11
Q

What are the primary cells of the nervous system?

A

Neurons and Glial cells

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12
Q

Epinephrine

A

Adrenaline. Regulate heart rate, blood pressure, breathing. Fight or flight.

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13
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Noradrenaline. Attention, sleep-wake cycle, mood

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14
Q

Serotonin

A

Excitatory and inhibatory effects on nervous system

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15
Q

What is the main job of neurons?

A

Communication (efferent/afferent)

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16
Q

Efferent

A

Top down communication, brain to body, going away from CNS or a given structure. MOTOR. (E for effort)

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17
Q

afferent

A

Bottom-up communication, from body to brain, going toward CNS or a given structure. SENSORY.

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18
Q

How are neurons classified by # of neurites?

A

Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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19
Q

How are neurons classified by connections?

A

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons

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20
Q

When does myelin production begin?

A

14th week of development

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21
Q

What are the two refractory periods?

A

Absolute refractory period, relative refractory period

22
Q

What is the second major part of the CNS?

A

spinal cord

23
Q

What is the size of the spinal cord?

A

17 to 18 inches in length, 1/4 to 1/2 inches in length

24
Q

What are the 3 layered membrane that surround the vertebral column named?

A

Meninges. Has arachnoid space?

25
Q

Where is cerebral spinal fluid found?

A

arachnoid space of spinal cord

26
Q

What are the two types of nerve fibers in spinal nerves?

A

General somatic nerve fibers, general visceral nerve fibers

27
Q

General somatic efferent fibers

A

carry motor info. to skeletal muscles (somatic=voluntary, efferent=motor)

28
Q

General visceral efferent fibers

A

carry motor information to smooth muscle, the heart, and glands
(efferent=motor, visceral=organs)

29
Q

General somatic afferent fibers

A

carry sensory information from the skin (somatic=voluntary, afferent=sensory)

30
Q

General visceral afferent fibers

A

Carry sensory info from the lungs and digestive tract

visceral=organs, afferent=sensory

31
Q

What are the two branches (ramuses) of each spinal nerve?

A

Dorsal ramus, ventral ramus

32
Q

What are the roots that split off of the spinal nerve?

A

dorsal root(sensory), ventral root(motor)

33
Q

What is the grey portion of the spinal cord made out of?

A

cell bodies

34
Q

What is the white portion of the spinal cord made out of?

A

myelinated axons

35
Q

What divides the white matter of the spinal cord in half?

A

the median fissure

36
Q

What are the three portions of the white matter of the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal, lateral, ventral (duplicate on each side of the spinal cord)

37
Q

What are the four major motor tracts in the spinal cords white matter?

A

Lateral Corticospinal tract, anterior corticospinal tract, rubrospinal tract, lateral vestibulospinal tract

38
Q

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

A

O: motor cortex of frontal lobe
C: Decussates at lower medulla-spinal cord juncture
I: Along spinal cord at ventral horns
F: Contralateral movement of the body, face

39
Q

Anterior Corticospinal Tract

A

O: motor and premotor areas of front lobe
C: ipsilateral down spinal cord
I: Ventral horn
F: Control trunk muscles

40
Q

Rubrospinal Tract

A

O: midbrain
C: Decussates, courses down brainstem and spinal cord
I: Ventral horn of spinal cord
F: Modulates flexor tone in upper extremities

41
Q

Lateral Vestibulospinal tract

A

O: medulla
C: Down spinal cord ipsilateral
I: Ventral horn
F: controls extensor tone and balance. MEDIAL FIBERS: position of head and neck

42
Q

What are the three sensory tracts in the white matter of the spinal column?

A

Dorsal columns, spinothalamic tract, spinocerebellar tract

43
Q

Dorsal column

A

O: dorsal root ganglion (of spinal cord)
C: sensory cortex via thalamus
F: relay fine and discriminate touch, pressure, proprioceptive(where we are in space) sensory info to brain

44
Q

What are the 2 bundles of the dorsal column?

A

Fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus

45
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Brain senses where various parts of the body are in space at any given time

46
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

O: Ventral portion of spinal cord
I: thalamus
F: sends sensory information (Pain, temperature, touch)

47
Q

Spinocerebellar tract

A

O: dorsal root ganglion
C; Ascending
I: cerebellum
F: Proprioceptive information

48
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

A

Medulla, Pons, Midbrain (from the bottom up)

49
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A

Deals with life functions (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion). Centers for wakefulness and alertness. Houses nuclei for CN

50
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in articulation?

A

Trigeminal (V), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), spinal accessory (XI), hypoglossal (XII)

anatomy (6 decks)

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