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ecology test by maddie > exam 4 new stuff > Flashcards

exam 4 new stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Symbiosis

A

Protracted association of two different species.

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2
Q

Parasitism

A

Benefits the parasite, but negatively affects the host; + -

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3
Q

Microparasites

A

Parasites that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

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4
Q

Macroparasites

A

Parasite is visible by the naked eye.

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5
Q

Ectoparasite

A

Parasite on the outside of the host organism.

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6
Q

Endoparasite

A

Parasite on the inside of the host organism (salmonella or hookworm).

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7
Q

Direct Transmission

A

Parasite moves directly from one host to another (ex: hookworm).

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8
Q

Indirect Transmission

A

Parasite requires an intermediate host to reach the definitive host where sexual reproduction can occur (ex: malaria- intermediate: mosquito definitive: human)

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9
Q

Definitive

A

When the parasite reaches sexual maturity in the host.

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10
Q

Intermediate hosts

A

Intermediate hosts - Increased chance of mortality due to modification of their phenotype that makes them more susceptible to predation.

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11
Q

Dilution effect

A

Dilution effect - In species with poor communities, each larval tick cohort tends to encounter many mice, which are high-quality hosts and highly competent reservoirs. By definition, the ticks encounter few alternative hosts, which tend to be poorer-quality hosts and poor reservoirs. The result is a high abundance and infection prevalence in the resulting nymphal cohort.

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12
Q

Commensalism

A
  • Parasite benefits, but host is not affected; + 0
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13
Q

Mutualism

A

Mutualism - Both the parasite and the host benefit; + +

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14
Q

Endo symbiont

A

Endo symbiont - Attach on the inside of host organism (ex: hookworm)

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15
Q

Ecto symbiont

A

Ecto symbiont - Attach on the outside of host organism (ex:lamprey, head lice)

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16
Q

Food web

A

Food web: interlocking pattern formed by a series of interconnecting food chains

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17
Q

food chain

A

food chain: the movement of energy and nutrients from one feeding group of organisms to another in a series that begins with plants and ends with carnivores, detrital feeders, and decomposers

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18
Q

trophic level

A

trophic level: functional classification of organisms in an ecosystem according to feeding relationships, ranging from first level autotrophs through succeeding levels of herbivores and carnivores.

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19
Q

what are the three lvl for food web

A

basal, intermediate, and top

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20
Q

Basal

A

Basal: feed on no other species but are fed on by others

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21
Q

Intermediate

A

Intermediate: feed on other species and they are prey of other species

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22
Q

tropic lvl Top

A

Top: not subject to predators; they prey on intermediate and basal species

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23
Q

food chain length

A

food chain length: the length of any given food chain within the food web is measured as the number of links between a top predator and the base of the web

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24
Q

species richness

A

species richness: the number of species

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25
Q

As species richness increase what happens to link density and mean chain length?

A

they increase

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26
Q

Linkage density (L/S)

A

Linkage density (L/S): a measure of the average number of links per species in the food web

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27
Q

Dominance

A

Dominance: when a single or a few species predominate within a community

28
Q

species evenness

A

species evenness: distribution of relative abundances of different species

29
Q

what are the two types of diversity indices

A

Simpsons

shannon

30
Q

Simpsons

A

constrained between 0 and 1 but 1 will be more diverse (1-D)

31
Q

shannon

A

0 lower bound but upper bound is determined by richness

32
Q

Guilds

A

Guilds: groups of species that exploit a common resource in a similar fashion

33
Q

functional type

A

functional type: defines a group of species based on their common response to the environment, life history characteristics, or role within the community

34
Q

zonation

A

zonation: patterns of spatial variation in community structure along an environmental gradient

35
Q

Explain how ecologists define species diversity. What data must be collected to determine the diversity of a community?

A

Species diverstiy is defined by species richness and evenness. It considers both the number and relative abundance of species within the community.

36
Q

What is the difference between a dominant species and a keystone species?

A

A dominant species predominates within a community and are often numerically abundant. A keystone species is one that functions in a unique and significant manner, and their effect on the community is disproportionate to their numerical abundance. Their removal initiates changes in community structure and often results in a significant loss of diversity.

37
Q

What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?

A

A food chain is the movement of energy and nutrients from one feeding group of organisms to another, while food web is an interlocking series of interconnecting food chains

38
Q

What is zonation? And if it occurs why can it be difficult to define the boundaries of a community?

A

Zonation is patterns of spatial variation in community structure along an environmental gradient. It can be difficult to define the boundaries of a community if zonation occurs because the changes are along a gradient and if the changes in species composition and patterns of dominance are subtle and gradual then the community boundary can be hard to define.

39
Q

Edge effect

A

Response of organisms to different environmental conditions found on borders between habitats

40
Q

Species area curve

A

Species area curve - Species richness relative to area

41
Q

Island biogeography

A

Island biogeography - the number of species established on an island represents a dynamic equilibrium between the immigration of new colonizing species and the extinction of previously established ones

42
Q

Ecosystem functioning

A

Ecosystem functioning - is the technical term used in the Framework to define the biological, geochemical and physical processes and components that take place or occur within an ecosystem.

43
Q

Gross primary productivity

A

Gross primary productivity - Energy fixed per unit area by photosynthetic activity of pants before respiration

44
Q

Net primary productivity

A

Net primary productivity - rate of energy stored as organic matter after respiration

45
Q

Secondary productivity

A

Secondary productivity - Rate at which heterotrophs produce biomass per unit area per time unit

46
Q

Standing crop biomass

A

Standing crop biomass - total amount of biomass per unit area at a given time

47
Q

Compensation depth

A

Compensation depth - the depth of the water column at which light intensity reaching plants is just sufficient for the rate of photosynthesis to balance the rate of respiration

48
Q

Assimilation efficiency

A

Assimilation efficiency - The efficiency at which the consumer extracts energy from its food

49
Q

Production efficiency

A

Production efficiency - How efficient the organism is at making biomass out of what it assimilates

50
Q

Trophic efficiency

A

Trophic efficiency - Ratio of productivity in a given trophic level with the trophic level on which it feeds

51
Q

Biomass / energy pyramid -

A

idk

52
Q

Biogeochemical cycles

A

Biogeochemical cycles - Flows of a substance (water, carbon, nitrogen) between living and nonliving reservoirs

53
Q

carbon cycle

A

idk

54
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

idk

55
Q

Retranslocation

A

Retranslocation - recycling of nutrients within a plant

56
Q

Water cycle

A

Water cycle - movement of water between atmosphere and Earth by way of precipitation and evaporation

57
Q

Ammonification

A

Ammonification - Breakdown of proteins and amino acids, especially by fungi and bacteria, with ammonia as the excretory by-product

58
Q

Nitrification

A

Nitrification - Breakdown of nitrogen-containing organic compounds into nitrates and nitrites

59
Q

Denitrification

A

Denitrification - bacteria that return nitrogen to the atmosphere

60
Q

Maximum sustainable yield

A

Maximum sustainable yield - the maximum rate at which individuals can be harvested from a population without reducing its size; recruitment balances harvesting

61
Q

Fishing down the food chain -

A

Fishing down the food chain - the bigger fish population is declining and so you go to a smaller fish population ect

62
Q

Bycatch

A

Bycatch - unintended catch

63
Q

Habitat fragmentation

A

Habitat fragmentation - The fragmentation of larger continuous tracts of habitats, such as forest, shrubland, or grassland into a mosaic of smaller, often isolated patches

64
Q

Invasive species

A

Invasive species - A species that is not native to that ecosystem (non-native or alien species

65
Q

Endemic species

A

Endemic species - a species that is unique to a defined location

66
Q

rank abundance curve

A

rank abundance curve: species are ranked by relative abundance (most abundance is #1, next most is #2), then graph relative abundances by describing order

ecology test by maddie (6 decks)

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