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Biology of Disease II > Exam 4: Obstruction, Stones, Cystitis, Pyelonephritis > Flashcards

Exam 4: Obstruction, Stones, Cystitis, Pyelonephritis Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Urolith

A

A stone somewhere in the urinary tract

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2
Q

Define: Nephrolith

A

Stone in kidney

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3
Q

Define: Ureterolith

A

Stone in ureter

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4
Q

Define: Cystolith

A

Stone in bladder

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5
Q

Define: Urethrolith

A

Stone in urethra

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6
Q

What is the best name for these stones?

A

Nephroliths

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7
Q

What is the best name for these stones?

A

Cystoliths

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8
Q

What is the best name for these stones?

A

Urethroliths

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9
Q

What type of stone is most common in dogs?

A

Struvite

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10
Q

What type of stones are most common in small ruminants?

A

Struvite + Ca-based

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11
Q

What stone is most common in rabbits?

A

Calcium carbonate

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12
Q

What stone is most common in horses?

A

Calcium carbonate

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13
Q

What stone is currently most common in cats?

A

Calcium oxalate

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14
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of struvite stones in dogs - how do they develop?

A
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15
Q

What type of stone is associated with portosystemic shunts?

A

Ammonium biurate

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16
Q

What are important dietary risk factors for stone formation in small ruminants?

A

Avoid high protein and Ca
Avoid alfalfa/legumes, grains
Both predispose to struvite stones and Ca-based stones

17
Q

How does castration influence the risk of urethral stone obstruction in small ruminants?

A

Delayed castration (e.g. at 6 months of age) allows urethra to develop to maximum diameter possible
Early castration predisposes to obstruction

18
Q

What are the 2 common sites for obstructive urethrolithiasis in small ruminants?

A

Sigmoid flexure
Urethral process

19
Q
A

Obstructed urinary bladder

20
Q

What 2 anatomical anomalies can predispose to UTIs?

A

Urachal remnant = failure to empty completely
Ectopic ureter = ureter does not connect properly to the bladder trigone

21
Q

How can spinal/neurologic disease predispose to urinary tract infection?

A

Failure to empty completely
Spinal cord trauma, cauda quina, tumor in T10-S spinal cord, disk disease/herniation

22
Q

List the (12) causes of isosthenuria that can predispose to urinary tract infection

A
23
Q
A

Follicular cystitis

24
Q
A

Follicular cystitis

25
Q
A

Follicular cystitis

26
Q
A

Polypoid cystitis

27
Q
A

Polypoid cystitis

28
Q
A

Polypoid cystitis

29
Q
A

Polypoid cystitis

30
Q
A

Emphysematous cystitis

31
Q
A

Emphysematous cystitis

32
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Emphysematous cystitis? (+ what 6 bacteria are important?)

A
33
Q

What virus causes hemorrhagic cystitis in cattle?

A

Malignant catarrhal fever

34
Q

What toxin/toxic plant causes hemorrhage and bladder tumors in cattle?

A

Bracken fern

35
Q

What chemotherapeutic causes hemorrhagic cystitis in small animals?

A

Cyclophosphamide

36
Q

Name a toxic insect that, when ingested, causes hemorrhagic cystitis in horses?

A

Blister beetle - canthardin toxin

Biology of Disease II (29 decks)

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