Exam 4: Respiratory Infections, Viral, Fungal, and Parasitic:

Question 1

common cold

Answer 1

acute respiratory infection (ARI)
causative agent: Coronavirus (RNA, envelope)
signs and symptoms: gradual onset, fever is rare

Question 2

common URTI viruses: coronaviruses

Answer 2

RNA viruses; crown-like spikes on their surface

4 are endemic and associated with ARI/common col

Question 3

Endemic coronaviruses

Answer 3

Characteristics: RNA virus
Diseases: acute respiratory infection (common cold)
Transmission: droplet
Virulence factors: spike proteins (protrude from viral envelope)
Lab diagnosis: clinical presentation only and/or rule out more serious viral pathogens

Question 4

three recently emerged zoonotic coronaviruses

Answer 4

severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (2002-03)
middle east respiratory syndrome corona
novel coronavirus

Question 5

severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

Answer 5

2002-2003
Virus name: SARS-CoV (now referred to as SARS-CoV-1)
Case fatality rate (CFR) ~9%

Question 6

middle east respiratory syndrome corona

Answer 6

Virus name: MERS-CoV

CFR: ~35%

Question 7

novel coronavirus 2019

Answer 7

2019-?
Virus name: nCoV-2019 (now referred to as SARS-CoV-2)
CFR: ~2-4%

Question 8

most common symptoms of COVID-19

Answer 8

fever, cough, shortness of breath

Question 9

other symptoms of COVID-19

Answer 9

sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, body aches, headache, chills, fatigue,
GI: diarrhea, nausea, loss of smell and taste

Question 10

SARS-CoV-2

Answer 10

Characteristics: RNA virus
Diseases: COVID19
Transmission: droplet?
Virulence factors: spike proteins (protrude from viral envelope)
Lab diagnosis: NAAT/PCR
FDA Approved treatment
Prevention: Pfizer vaccine: RNA vaccine
Moderna vaccine: RNA vaccine
J&J vaccine: recombinant vector vaccine

Question 11

seasonal flu

Answer 11

CFR: ~0.1%

Question 12

Influenza Virus Infection

Answer 12

causative agent: RNA virus with segmented genome; envelope
-Influenza A: pandemics
-subtype: based on H (Hemagglutinin) and N (Neuraminidase) proteins
Transmission and prevention: seasonal vaccine (whole inactivated and live attenuated)
pathogenesis and virulence factors:
-hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) surface receptors
-stain names come from H and N type

Question 13

antigenic drift:

Answer 13

random mutation causes minor change to HA and NA

-responsible for seasonal epidemics

Question 14

antigenic shift

Answer 14

major changes to HA and NA

-responsible for pandemics

Question 15

Influenza viruses

Answer 15

Characteristics: RNA virus; segmented genome
Diseases: influenza
Transmission: droplet
Virulence factors: Hemagglutinin (H); surface receptor, Neuraminidase (N); surface receptor
Lab diagnosis: NAAT/PCR
Treatment:
Prevention: whole inactivated vaccine: injectable, live attenuated vaccine: Nasal mist vaccine

Question 16

fungal respiratory infections are becoming more common

Answer 16

endemic fungal pathogens:

• specific geographical regions
• tru pathogens
• characterized by thermal dimorphism
• transmission: inhalation of spores

Question 17

blastomycosis (chicago disease)

Answer 17

Signs and symptoms:
Flu-like fever, headache, cough, muscle-aches
Pneumonia-like symptoms
May produce ulcerative skin lesions
Characteristics: Thermal dimorphism
Diseases: blastomycosis (Chicago disease)
Transmission: inhalation of spores (conidia), non-communicable
Virulence factors: thermal dimorphism
Lab diagnosis: fungal culture (1-4 weeks)

Question 18

Paragonimus species-lifecycle

Answer 18

Characteristics: trematode (fluke); helminth
Diseases: paragonimiasis
Transmission: ingestion of metacercariae
Lab diagnosis: observation of eggs in patient stool or respiratory samples, serology