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anatomy & physiology 2 > Exam 4 Review: Reprdoductive System > Flashcards

Exam 4 Review: Reprdoductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Incision of tissue between the vulva and anus

A
  • episiotomy
  • procedure cutting the perineum to make the vaginal opening larger for childbirth
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2
Q

Loss of fetus before week 20 of pregnancy

A
  • miscarriage (1st)
  • fetal demise
  • spontaneous abortion
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3
Q

Extraction of amniotic fluid for fetal testing

A

amniocentesis

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4
Q

Implantation of fertilized egg outside the uterine cavity

A

ectopic pregnancy

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5
Q

The stage of development in which the embryo is a hollow ball of cells

A

blastula develops into blastocyst

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6
Q

Successively smaller cells are produced during what developmental process?

A

cleavage

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7
Q

The inner layer of cells in the gastrula is the

Also, what organs does it give rise to?

A
  • endoderm
  • innermost germ layer
  • gives rise to the GI tract, lining of the gut, liver, pancreas, portions of the lungs and glandular tissues
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8
Q

The blastula changes into a three-layered structure during what process?

A

gastrulation

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9
Q

The developing human embryo is almost human-looking by the end of this week, and is subsequently referred to as a fetus

A

week 8

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10
Q

What does the fertilization membrane do?

A

prevent multiple fertilization by acting as a barrier to stop penetration of additional spermatozoa in the ovum

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11
Q

List the stages of spermatogenesis in order

A
  1. spermatogonium
  2. primary spermatocytes
  3. secondary spermatocytes
  4. spermatids
  5. spermatozoa (sperm)
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12
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

in the seminiferous tubule

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13
Q

Spermatogonium

A
  • 1st stage of spermatogenesis
  • A diploid cell undergoes Mitosis to become a primary spermatocyte
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14
Q

Primary Spermatocyte

A
  • 2nd stage of spermatogenesis
  • cell undergoes Meiosis I to produce secondary spermatocytes
  • 2 cells created:
    • smaller one contains polar bodies and doesn’t continue
    • larger once continues through Meiosis I to produce secondary spermatocyte
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15
Q

Secondary Spermatocyte

A
  • 3rd stage of spermatogenesis
  • cell undergoes Meiosis II to produce spermatids
  • 2 cells produced:
    • both continue Meiosis II
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16
Q

Spermatids

A
  • 4th stage of spermatogenesis
  • 4 cells at the edge of the lumen
  • undergo Spermiogenesis to mature into spermatozoa
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17
Q

What is the function of a Sustentacular Cell?

A

removes cytoplasmic remains from spermatids so they can become sperm before they enter the lumen

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18
Q

What is spermiation?

A

the movement of sperm into the lumen

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19
Q

What are the different types of Spermatogonium?

A
  • primordial cell
  • pluripotent cell
  • stem cell
  • undifferentiated cell
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20
Q

Primordial Cell

A
  • 1st cell that starts the production of sperm (spermatogenesis)
  • type of spermatogonium
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21
Q

Pluripotent Cell

A
  • a cell that has many powers to form other cells
  • type of spermatogonium
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22
Q

Stem Cell

A
  • mother cell that has the potential to develop into many different types of cells
  • type of spermatogonium
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23
Q

Undifferentiated Cell

A
  • a potent cell that can form other little cells with no specialized structure or function
  • type of spermatogonium
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24
Q

Why do spermatogonium undergo mitosis?

A

they are somatic cells (diploid)

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25
Q

The development of an organ is called

A

organogenesis

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26
Q

What is the function of the amnion?

A
  • the amniotic sac that represents the fetal membrane directly surrounding the fetus
  • protects the baby from mother’s body and provides nutrients, immune protection, waste removal, and gas exchange
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27
Q

What is a single fertilized egg?

A

zygote

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28
Q

Which follicle ovulates?

What are other names for the follicle?

A
  • tertiary follicle
  • AKA mature follicle
  • AKA Graafian follicle
  • AKA follicle of graaf
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29
Q

The Na+ level in blood is controlled by

A

hormone aldosterone made by the adrenal glands

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30
Q

Gastrulation produces what?

A
  • 3 germinal layers
  • ectoderm
  • endoderm
  • mesoderm
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31
Q

What structure is the site of sperm production?

A

seminiferous tubules

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32
Q

What is the purpose of the thin, milky alkaline fluid secreted by the prostate gland?

A
  • contains enzymes that makes the semen thinner
  • the seminal fluid nourishes and transports the sperm
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33
Q

The spermatozoa are stored and matured in the

A

epididymis

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34
Q

What is the tough, white fibrous capsule around the testis?

A

tunica albuginea

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35
Q

The female organ that is homologous to the male penis is the

A

clitoris

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36
Q

Which cells produce testosterone?

A

interstistial cells of Leydig

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37
Q

The male organ composed of erectile tissue is the

A

penis

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38
Q

The finger-like structures that guide the ovaries into the oviduct is called

A

fimbriae

39
Q

The structure that secretes fluid rich in fructose and buffer into the semen is called

A

seminal vesicles

40
Q

Which primary germ layer forms the kidneys?

A

mesoderm

41
Q

Which primary germ layer forms the liver?

A

endoderm

42
Q

Which primary germ layer forms the skin?

A

ectoderm

43
Q

Which primary germ layer forms the gonad?

A

mesoderm

44
Q

Which primary germ layer forms the nervous system?

A

ectoderm

45
Q

“Labia minora” refers to

A

the inner lips that begin at the clitoris and end under the opening to the vagina

46
Q

List the correct order of structures through which sperm pass in the male reproductive system

A
  1. seminiferous tubule
  2. straight tubule
  3. rete testis
  4. efferent ductules
  5. epididymis
  6. vas deferentia
  7. seminal vesicle
  8. ejaculatory duct
  9. urethera
47
Q

After ovulation, the follicular cells develop into a body called the ____ which secretes progesterone

A

corpus luteum

48
Q

The lining of the uterus that is sheds cyclically if fertilization does not occur is the

A

endometrium

49
Q

The external pouch of skin and smooth muscle in which testes are suspended is the

A

the scrotum

50
Q

What pituitary gland hormones are responsible in regulating the human menstrual cycle?

What are their functions?

A
  • FSH: stimulates the secondary oocytes to start growing
  • LH: pushes the secondary oocyte through the thecal cell to cause ovulation
51
Q

List the stages of oogenesis in sequential order

A
  1. oogonium
  2. primary oocyte
  3. secondary oocyte
  4. ovum
52
Q

Failure of one or both testes from descending into the scrotal sac is called

AKA

A
  • cryptorchidism
  • AKA undescended testicle
53
Q

Chemicals capable of causing fetal malformations are called

For Example

A
  • teratogens
  • ex: alcohol, cigarettes
54
Q

Order the events from fertilization to formation of 3 germ layers

a) penetration of egg by sperm
b) blastula implants in the wall of the uterus
c) gastrulation occurs with differentiation and growth
d) cleavage occurs as fertilized egg moves down oviduct
e) enzymes released by the sperm break down the coating of the egg

A
  1. enzymes released by the sperm break down the coating of the egg
  2. penetration of egg by sperm
  3. cleavage occurs as fertilized egg moves down oviduct
  4. blastula implants in the wall of the uterus
  5. gastrulation occurs with differentiation and growth
55
Q

How many seminiferous tubules are found in a lobule?

A

1 - 3

56
Q

This tubule carries spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct (seminal veiscle)

AKA?

A
  • vas deferens
  • AKA ductus deferens
57
Q

____ hormone secreted by the ________ controls the ovarian and uterine cycles

A
  • GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone)
  • secreted by the hypothalamus
58
Q

How much of the total volume of body fluid is intracellular fluid?

A
  • 2/3
  • about 28L
59
Q

This is a condition where blood pH is below 7.35

A

acidosis

60
Q

80% of the extracellular fluid is?

A

interstitial fluid

61
Q

What’s the most adundant component of the body?

A

oxygen (65% of a person’s mass)

62
Q

What do you call the extracellular solution in the intravascular compartment?

A

blood plasma

63
Q

When does oogenesis begin?

A

at the fetal stage (8 weeks)

64
Q

Define the zygote

A
  • a fertilized egg
  • diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes (egg & sperm)
65
Q

What do you call the intracellular solution in the intracellular compartment?

A

cytosol (in the cytoplasm)

66
Q

What’s an ovarian follicle?

A

a cellular jacket that encloses the secondary oocytes

67
Q

Define Capacitation

A

the change undergone by sperm in the female reproductive tract that enables them to penetrate and fertilize an egg

68
Q

Define Spermatogenesis

A

the production or development of mature sperm

69
Q

Define Spermiogenesis

A

Final stage of spermatogenesis by which spermatids become mature sperm capable of motility

70
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

set of one maternal and one paternal that pair up with each other inside a cell during fertilization

71
Q

Define the endometrium

A

innermost lining of the uterus

72
Q

Define hysterectomy

What is the result?

A
  • surgery to remove all or part of the uterus
  • woman can no longer have children and menstruation stops
73
Q

Which male reproductive accessory gland/organ produces seminalplasmin (an antibiotic)?

A

bulbourethral

74
Q

Define infertility

A

inability to conceive children

75
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

In Vitro Fertilization

76
Q

What are some male reproductive disorders?

A
  • Retrograde Ejaculation: when sperm reaches urethrea, it goes up prostate urethra
  • Erectile Dysfunction
  • Enlarged prostate
  • Priapism: persistant erection lasting for 4+ hours
77
Q

What are some female reproductive disorders?

A
  • Poly-cystic Ovary: build up of quarternary follicles that don’t ovulate
  • Endometriosis: tissue similar to uterine tissue grows outside uterus
  • Interstitial Cystitis: inflammation of bladder, usually caused by bladder infection
78
Q

Blastocyst

A

a fertilized egg that attaches to the endometrium of the uterus and implants

79
Q

Morula

A

the early conceptus composed of a solid ball of 16 cells

80
Q

Endoderm

A
  • innermost of the 3 germ layers
  • 2nd of the 3 to be formed
  • gives rise to many internal linings of the body, GI tract, lungs, liver, pancreas, intestines, stomach, upper urogential tract, and vagina
81
Q

Ectoderm

A
  • outermost of the 3 germ layers
  • 1st of the 3 to be formed
  • gives rise to epidermis (skin), hair, mammary glands, nervous system
82
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • middle layer of the 3 germ layers
  • 3rd to be formed
  • gives rise to dermis of the skin, heart, skeletal muscle, urogenital system, bones, bone marrow, and blood
83
Q

What are the extraembryonic membranes of fetal development? (4)

A
  • Amnion
  • Yolk sac
  • Allantois
  • Chorion
84
Q

Allantois

A
  • extraembryonic membrane that forms the base for the umbilical cord that links the embryo to the placenta
  • becomes part of the urinary bladder
85
Q

Amnion

A
  • transparent sac filled with amniotic fluid that contains the embryo
  • provides a bouyant environment that protects the embryo from physical trauma
  • AKA amniotic sac
86
Q

Yolk Sac

A
  • forms part of the primitive gut
  • produces the earliest blood cells and vessels
  • the source of germ cells that create the gonads
87
Q

Chorion

A
  • small outpocketing of embryonic tissue at caudal end of yolk sac
  • helps form embryonic portion of placenta
  • outermost membrane, so it encloses the embryonic membrane and all other membranes
88
Q

Blastocoel

A

fluid-filled cavity of the blastocyst

89
Q

Blastomere

A

daughter cell of a cleavage

90
Q

Where does sperm merge with urine?

A

prostate urethra

91
Q

What must sperm penetrate to attach to the egg?

A

zona pellucida

92
Q

What are the 3 parts of the male urethra?

A
  • prostate urethra
  • membranous urethra
  • penile urethra
93
Q

Which cells produce estrogen?

A

granulosa cells

94
Q

When does spermatogenesis occur?

A

at puberty

anatomy & physiology 2 (12 decks)

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