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Biochem > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Catabolic pathway

A

Degrade macromolecules and nutrients to capture energy
Form NADH FADH2

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2
Q

Anabolic pathway

A

Use energy available from ATP hydrolysis and oxidation of reducing equivalents to synthesize bio molecules

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3
Q

Metabolic flux

A

Determined by level of enzyme activity, and bioavailability of substrates

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4
Q

Enantiomer

A

Mirror image isomer

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5
Q

Epimer

A

Differ in Teheran OH position at one chiral carbon

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6
Q

Anomer

A

When simple sugar goes through intramolecular reactions to form 5 or 6 member end ring

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7
Q

Reducing sugar

A

React with oxidizing agents
Requires an aldehyde group

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8
Q

OH on right

A

Down

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9
Q

OH on left

A

Point up

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10
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Formed between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and OH of another

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11
Q

Step 1 glycolysis

A

Investment phase
Glucose changed to G6P by hexokinase
Activates glucose for glycolysis, irreversible

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12
Q

step 2 glycolysis

A

G6P made into F6P by PGI

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13
Q

Step 3 glycolysis

A

F6P made into F16BP by PFK1
First committed step of glycolysis, irreversible and regulated

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14
Q

Step 4 glycolysis

A

F16BP made into G3P and dihydroxyacetone-P by alsolase

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15
Q

Step 5 glycolysis

A

Dihydroxyacetone-P made into second G3P by TPI
End of investment phase

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16
Q

Step 6 glycolysis

A

2 G3P made into 13BPG using GAPDH
Release 2 NADH

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17
Q

Step 7 glycolysis

A

2 13BPG made into 2 3PG by PGK
Release 2 ATP

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18
Q

Step 8 glycolysis

A

2 3PG made into 2 2-PG by PGM

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19
Q

Step 9 glycolysis

A

2 2-PG made into 2 phosphoenolpryruvte by Enolase

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20
Q

Step 10 glycolysis

A

2 phosphoenolpyruvate made into 2 pyruvate by PK
Irreversible and regulated, harvest 2 ATP

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21
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Make new glucose, nearly reversal of glycolysis

22
Q

Why not committed to glycolysis in first step

A

G6P can be used for glycogen synthesis and Penrose phosphate pathway

23
Q

PFK-1 regulation

A

Inhibits: ATP and citrate (T state)
Activates: AMP, ADP, and F26BP (R state)

24
Q

Hexokinse regulation

A

Inhibits: G6P, will go to other pathway

25
Q

Pyruvate kinase regulation

A

Inhibits: Alanine and ATP (T state)
Activates: F16BP (Rstate)

26
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis

A

Fermentation’
Pyruvate made into lactate to generate NAD+ to keep the cycle going
Yield 2 ATP

27
Q

NAD+

A

Accepts 2 electrons at once
Mobile

28
Q

FAD+

A

Still carry 2 e
Accepts one at a time

29
Q

Oxioreductase

A

Enzyme that catalyzes a biochemical redox reaction

30
Q

Dehydrogenase

A

Type of oxioreductase that also results in the release of protons

31
Q

Best e- acceptor

A

Higher reduction potential

32
Q

PDH coenzymes

A

CoA
NAD+
TPP
Lipoate
FAD

33
Q

PDH complex regulation

A

Inhibit: NADH, Acetyl-CoA, ATP (means energy high)
Activate: NAD+, CoA, ADP, Calcium (need energy)

34
Q

PDH complex step one

A

Pyruvate connects with TPP to make hydroxyethyl-TPP
Releases CO2

35
Q

PDH complex step two

A

Hydroxyethyl-TPP joins with lipoamide to make acetyl-dihydrolipoamide

36
Q

PDH complex step 3

A

acetyl-dihydrolipoamide joins with CoA to make dihydrolipoamide
Acetyl-CoA is released

37
Q

PDH complex yields

A

2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2 and 2NADH

38
Q

Step 1 citrate cycle

A

Oxaloactetate combines with Acetyl-CoA and citrate synthase makes it into citrate
Irreversible and regulated

39
Q

Step 2 citrate cycle

A

Citrate made into isocitrate from aconitase

40
Q

Step 3 citrate cycle

A

Isocitrate made into alpha-ketogluterate by isocitrate dehydrogenase
NADH given off

41
Q

Step 4 citrate cycle

A

Alpha-ketogluterate made into succinyl-CoA by alpha-ketoulterate dehydrogenase complex
CO2 and NADH given off (per turn)

42
Q

Step 5 citrate cycle

A

Succinyl CoA turned into succinyl by succinyl-CoA synthase
GTP and CoA given off (per turn)

43
Q

Step 6 citrate cycle

A

Succinate turned into fumerate by succinate dehydrogenase
FADH2 given off (per turn)

44
Q

Step 7 citrate cycle

A

Fumarate turned into malate from fumerase

45
Q

Step 8 citrate cycle

A

Malate turned into oxaloactetate by malate dehydrogenase
NADH given off (per tun) last harvest

46
Q

Citrate cycle yield

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP
Per turn

47
Q

glycolysis yield

A

2 ATP
2 NADH

48
Q

Hoe many ATP per NADH

A

2.5

49
Q

How many ATP per FADH2

A

1.5

50
Q

Citrate cycle regulation

A

Inhibit: NADH, citrate, ATP, succinyl-CoA
Activate: ADP, calcium, AMP

51
Q

Amphibolic

A

Ex: citrate cycle
Anabolic and catabolic

Biochem (10 decks)

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