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Biochem > Exam 6 > Flashcards

Exam 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Reduction potential for ETC

A

Lower reduction potential react with high reduction potential so that E- delivered in spontaneous manner

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2
Q

NADH forms ___ in ETC

A

10 H+

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3
Q

Complexes NADH uses

A

I (NADH specific), III, IV

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4
Q

Complexes FADH2 uses

A

II (FADH2 specific), III, IV

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5
Q

FADH2 yield in ETC

A

6 H+

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6
Q

Complex I

A

NADH oxidized
A reduced into QH2
4 H+ transported into IM space
QH2 transports e- from complex I to III

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7
Q

Complex II

A

Succinate from citrate cycle oxidized
FADH2 oxidized and Q reduced into QH2
No proton transport
QH2 transports e- from Complex II to III

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8
Q

Complex III

A

QH2 donates electrons (oxidized), 2 cytochrome c reduced (can only carry one e-)
4H+ translocated to IM space
Each cytochrome c transports one e- to complex IV

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9
Q

Complex IV

A

Accepts e- one at a time from cytochrome c (gets oxidized)
Oxygen reduced rot H20
2 H+ translocated to IM space

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10
Q

Simple sugar

A

Unmodified sugar
Monosaccharides, disaccharide, oligosaccharide

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11
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Large polymers linked together
Glucose homopolymer
Disaccharide heteropolymers

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12
Q

Glycoconjugate

A

Attach carbs to different things
Glycoproteins
Pretoglycans
Glycolipids

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13
Q

Glycoconjugate functions

A

Protection from degregation
Communication/ binding interaction

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14
Q

Raffinose

A

Humans can’t digest, lack alpha-galactosidase enzyme
Gal (alpha1->6) linkage, present in plants

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15
Q

cellulose

A

Contains(beta 1->4) glycosidic bonds, we cannot digest
Provides rigid plant cell wall
Contains repeating Glc residues, insoluble in water and very stable

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16
Q

Chitin

A

Contains (beta 1->4) glycosidic bonds, fibrous
Contains acetyl group, which makes interactions more polar/ stronger and gives more structure
Structural component of exoskeletons in insects and crustaceans

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17
Q

Starch

A

Used by plants for energy storage
We can digest
Glc (alpha 1->4) Glc linkage for main chain

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18
Q

Glycogen

A

Used by animals to store energy
Granules in liver and muscle
More branched
Glc (alpha 1->4) Glc linkage for main chain
Glc(alpha 1->6) Glc linkage for branches, more glucose will be removed from the nonreducing ends

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19
Q

Glycoprotein

A

N-linked or O-linked
Lots of protein with carbs helping

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20
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Lots of carbs doing job with protein helping
Unbranched, heavily modified

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21
Q

Cartilage

A

Resists compression
Needs to be flexible
Type of proteoglycans

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22
Q

Connective tissue

A

Need to be flexible
Type of proteoglycans

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23
Q

Intrinsic recognition

A

Recognition between cells

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24
Q

Extrinsic recognition

A

Originates outside the body

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25
Q

Lectin

A

Protein that binds carbohydrates

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26
Q

GTA

A

Adds GalNAc
Only A and AB blood type has

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27
Q

GTB

A

Adds Gal
Only B and AB blood type have

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28
Q

RBC in type A

A

Antigen A

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29
Q

RBC in type B

A

Antigen B

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30
Q

Blood type in AB

A

Antigen a and B

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31
Q

Blood type in O

A

No antigen

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32
Q

Plasma in type A

A

Anti- B ab

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33
Q

Plasma in type B

A

Anti-A ab

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34
Q

Plasma in AB blood

A

Neither A nor B Ab

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35
Q

Plasma in O blood

A

Both anti-A and Anti-B ab

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36
Q

Type A accepts and donates to

A

Accepts: A and O
Donates: A and AB

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37
Q

Type B donates and accepts to

A

Gets from: O, B
Donates to: B, AB

38
Q

Type AB accepts and donates to

A

Accepts: O, A, B, AB
Donates: AB

39
Q

Type O accepts an donates to

A

Accepts: O
Donates: A, B, AB, O

40
Q

Gram +

A

Purple
Has no counterstain, just Gram stain

41
Q

Gram -

A

Red color
Has counterstain, no Gram stain

42
Q

Gram - bacteria

A

Outer membrane protects from many antibiotics, detergents, which makes resistant to many treatments

43
Q

Lipopolysaccride

A

On surface of gram neg bacteria
Aka endotoxin
Immune system attacks the O antigen , lipid portion tethers to the cell membrane

44
Q

N-linked

A

Asn

45
Q

O-linked

A

Ser and Thr

46
Q

NAPDh

A

Strong reducing agent
Good e- donor (2)
Used in bio synthetic and detoxification pathways
Used to reduce reactive oxygen species (ros), donates e- to radicals to reduce damage

47
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway

A

Occurs in cytoplasm
Yields NADPH, pentose phosphates(usd for nucleotides and coenzymes) from G6P

48
Q

In PPP 1 G6P yields

A

2 NADPH

49
Q

Ribose-5P

A

Made from ribulose 5P
Made if nucleotides low-> nucleotides synthesis

50
Q

Fructose6P

A

Made in PPP, and if NADPH is low ->made into G6P to continue cycle
Can also be made into G6P to go to glycolysis if ATP is low

51
Q

Oxidative phase PPP

A

G6P does into first step and reacts with G6PD, this set is irreversible, regulated and yields 1 NADPH
Step three also yields 1 NADPH

52
Q

PPP activation

A

High NADP+
Shift left with increased affinity

53
Q

PPP inhibition

A

High NADPH
Shift right, decreased affinity

54
Q

G6PD deficiency

A

Lowered NADPH levels
-depleated GSH will lead to cellular damage, RBC highly susceptible
Bite cells
-oxidized Hg becomes denatured, macrophages remove denatured protein leaving cells that look like they’re bitten

55
Q

Gluconeogenisis

A

Make new glucose, occurs when glucose levels are low

56
Q

Gluconeogenisis regulation

A

Activate: citrate
Inhibit: AMP, F26BP

57
Q

1st bypass gng regulation

A

First reaction occurs in mitochondria
Second occurs in cytosol
Acetyl CoA activates, ADP inhibits

58
Q

Pyruvate made into

A

Oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylate
Then oxaloacetate made into 2 phophoenolpyruvate by PEPCK

59
Q

Gng yield

A

4 ATP
2 GTP
2 NADH ????

60
Q

2nd bypass

A

F16BP made into F6P by FBPase1

61
Q

2nd bypass regulation

A

Inhibited: AMP, F26BP
Activated: citrate

62
Q

Insulin (high blood sugar) will cause F6P to

A

Be made into F26BP by PFK2
Activates glycolysis and inhibits gng

63
Q

Glucagon (low blood sugar)will cause F26BP to

A

Be made into F6P by FBPase2
Inhibits glycolysis and activates gng

64
Q

3rd bypass

A

G6P made into glucose by glucose-6-phosphatase
Glucose moved out by GLUT2

65
Q

Muscle cells

A

Degrade to generate G6P for glycolysis
Generates for self

66
Q

Liver cells

A

Degrade to export glucose to other parts of the body

67
Q

Glycogenin

A

Starts glycogen synthesis, extends chain to 7 residues

68
Q

Glycogen synthase

A

Grows main chain, (alpha1->4) bonds formed
Adds onto chain

69
Q

Glycogen branching

A

Creates (alpha 1->6) branches
Cuts to create branch point

70
Q

Epinephrine/ glucagon impact on glycogen synthase

A

Inh. Glycogen synthesis
T state

71
Q

Insulin effect on glycogen synthase

A

Glycogen synthesis
R state

72
Q

Glycogen degradation

A

Primary source of ATP production during muscle contraction
Use phosphate to break glycogen phosphorylase, cleaves at alpha-1-4 and nonreducing ends
Keeps cleaving until within 4 glucose residues of alpha branch point
Debranching enzyme removes branches

73
Q

Epinephrine effect of glycogen phosphorylase

A

Glycogen degregation
R state

74
Q

Insulin effect on glycogen phosphorylase

A

Wants glycogen stored
T state, inhibits glycogen degregation

75
Q

Lipid nomenclature

A

carbon: #unsaturated bonds

76
Q

Unsaturated lipid

A

Liquid at room temp, do not pack well

77
Q

saturated lipid

A

Solid at room temp, pack well

78
Q

Omega-FA

A

Linoleic and alpha-linolenic are essential FA, must get in diet
Associated with reduced cardiovascular disease

79
Q

Waxes

A

Long-chain alcohols linked to long chain fatty acids
Very hydrophobic, saturated
Ester end

80
Q

Adipose

A

Long term storage
Where store triglycerides

81
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A

One side, loosely associated with membrane

82
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

Fully span the membrane

83
Q

GPI-anchored

A

Linked to GPI group tethered to lipid

84
Q

Amphitrophic

A

Can interact Inh membrane but doesn’t have to

85
Q

Membrane too cold

A

Too solid
Solution: crease conc of unsaturated
Result: more fluid membrane

86
Q

Membrane too hot

A

Too fluid
Solution: increase increase conc. Saturated
Result: less fluid membrane

87
Q

Lipid rafts

A

More organized part of membrane
Protein densely packed into discrete patches
Acts as receptor for extracellular signaling

88
Q

Fatty acid B-oxidation pathway

A

Occurs in mitochondria
Degrades fatty acids C2 units at a time
Generates FADH2, NADH per cut, and acetyl CoA

89
Q

Triglycerides and energy yield

A

Invest 6 ATP to free fatty acid tail from triglyceride
366 ATP from fatty acid tails

90
Q

generation of ketone bodies

A

Acetyl-CoA is converted to ketone bodies via ketogenesis
Occurs in starvation while carb sources limited

Biochem (10 decks)

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