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283.101 > exam > Flashcards

exam Flashcards

1
Q

Before Humans landscapes in NZ were dominated by

A

evergreen rainforest

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2
Q

South Island

A
  • the 1980 wet boom of the South Island resulted in 250,000 ha plowed to sow wheat
  • vegetation transitioned forest to tussock to short tussock to mat plants due to human activity
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3
Q

the grassland revolution (1920-1970) included the introduction of

A
  • portable electric fences
  • selection and breeding of new ryegrass and white clover cultivators
  • widespread use of superphosphate;
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4
Q

phytochrome

A

protein mechanism responsible for sense and response to change in external temp.

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5
Q

meristem

A

Actively divides cells and forms new plant tissue, found and growing tip.

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6
Q

Primary Growth

A

formation of new stem pieces with leaf attached. Adds new structures. Phytomeres are discrete unites which are added to the plant during primary growth. Different species of plants arise from variation in location, orientation and timing of phytomeres.

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7
Q

Secondary growth

A

enlargement of existing structures - increase in girth of trunk. Results from cell division in the cambium

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8
Q

cotyledon

A

an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants,oneormore of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinatingseed.

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9
Q

phyllotaxy

A

Arrangement of leaves on stem/axis

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10
Q

monocotyledon and dicotyledon

A

Flowering plant with embryo and single seed leaf (mono)

Flowering plant with embryo and two seed leaves (di)

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11
Q

vernalisation

A

Seeds cooling during germination to accelerate flowering once planted

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12
Q

epicotyl and hypocotyl

A

Region of seedling above cotyledon (first leaf to appear in germinating seed) - EPI

Region of seedling below cotyledon (first leaf to appear in germinating seed) -Hypo

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13
Q

epigeal germination and hypogeal germination

A

One or more seed leaves appear above the ground (epi) and Seed leaves remain underground (hypo)

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14
Q

coleoptile and coleorhiza

A

A sheath protecting the tip of the growing shoot (coleoptile) and A sheath protecting the root of germinating seed (coleorhiza)

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15
Q

Pastures in NZ

A
  • are mainly based off European pastures
  • 40% of NZ land mass is introduced pasture
  • Negative effects of grassland farming = extinction of flora & fauna and erosion and Reduced biodiversity Habitat destruction for birds
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16
Q

North Island bush burn pasture establishment process

A
  • did not include login of forest
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17
Q

NZ climate

A

temperate maritime

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18
Q

Adaptations making grasses suited to grazing include

A

the absence of secondary thickening in the stem;

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19
Q

Tillering

A
  • in ryegrass there are typically three leaves alive at any one time because an old leaf dies a new leaf forms;
  • allows a compensatory growth when a low percentage of plantlets establish
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20
Q

A plant and mycorrhizal fungi association is mutualistic because:

A

the fungi increases phosphate uptake by plant roots and the plant feeds the fungi.

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21
Q

Intercropping is best described as:

A

two crop species grown together;

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22
Q

The cropping situation in which irrigation is most likely to benefit weeds more than the crop is:

A

well-established lucerne;

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23
Q

There would probably be more fathen seedlings germinating under which of these situations?

A

a paddock following cultivation in September;

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24
Q

A translocated herbicide applied to upper leaves of a Californian thistle is most likely to get moved down into the root system if applied:

A

after all flowering has finished;

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25
Q

what seedcrops requires bees to cross pollinate its flowers?

A

red clover

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26
Q

Since about the year 2000 the plant growth regulator, trinexapac-ethyl, has been routinely used to improve ryegrass & tall fescue seedcrop yields. What the reasons for this improvement?

A

reduction of lodging (plants falling over); and improved floret site utilisation (more seeds set per spikelet);

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27
Q

A barley crop develops cereal yellow dwarf virus disease. From the choices below, what is the most likely source of the pathogen?

A

aphid vectors which have been feeding on infected pasture grasses;

28
Q

The asexual spores of most plant pathogenic fungi are called

A

conidia.

29
Q

The New Zealand forest industry is based on Pinus radiata because:

A

native tree species have very poor growth;

30
Q

Concisely define the term “relative growth rate” as applied to growth of plants.

A

Percentage change in growth over time, e.g. g/g/day

31
Q

Concisely define the term “absolute growth rate” as applied to growth of plants.

A

Amount of growth per unit time, e.g. kg DM/day

32
Q

The first two perennial pasture species to be bred for the New Zealand environment were

A

perennial ryegrass and white clover

33
Q

Two weed species that have a rhizome system are

A

yarrow and

couch

34
Q

The addition of which two (2) major mineral nutrients tends to suppress seed production in white clover by encouraging vegetative growth and increased leaf size?

A

nitrogen and phosphorous

35
Q

The minimum germination % for malting barley in NZ is

A

95%

36
Q

The term relative growth rate:

A

can be conceptualised as a % change in weight per unit time;

37
Q

Perennial weeds are less susceptible to cultivation than annual weeds because:

A
  • they can often survive being cut up;
  • they can grow back to the surface more easily after burial;
  • it is more difficult to get all of the root system to the surface;
  • removing the shoots from the roots affects them less;
38
Q

Weed seeds are most likely to germinate:

A

following cultivation;

39
Q

The pasture pest porina (Wiseana spp.):

A

are native to New Zealand and damage pasture by larval feeding on
foliage;

40
Q

The vascular cambium:

A

produces xylem cells on the inside and phloem on the outside.

41
Q

Small end diameter is an important log quality attribute because it:

A

influences recovery of sawn timber from a log;

42
Q

Mineral nutrients that are mobile within plants are transported in the

A

phloem

43
Q

The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum describes the

A

rhizosphere

44
Q

key scientific or technological advances that contributed to the Grassland Revolution in New Zealand.

A
  • Introduction of fertiliser/aerial topdressing
  • Introduction of electric fences/rotational grazing
  • Development of a truly perennial ryegrass & high-performing white clover
  • The introduction of the NZ seed certification scheme
  • Oversowing
45
Q

physical, climatic or cultural features that make Canterbury an ideal seed production province.

A
  1. Canterbury is located close to a port (Lyttleton) which is important for the movement & export of seed.
  2. Canterbury has a temperate climate with relatively low rainfall (~600 mm) & good sunshine hours. This is important to reduce disease pressure & to allow for maximum levels of photosynthesis.
  3. Canterbury land contour is relatively flat making conditions easy to plant & harvest for machinery access
  4. Canterbury has good access to irrigation which provides timely applications of water at important stages of seed production
  5. Canterbury has suitable soil types for seed production.
46
Q

There are three ways in which insect sex pheromones are used in insect pest management

A

Monitoring = sex pheromones are used to entice insects so they are able to be collected & monitored to gauge species numbers in a particular area so as to time insecticide sprays to maximum effect.
Trap & kill = sex pheromones are put into insect traps in order to entice insects in. Once they are inside the trap they are unable to escape.
Mating disruption = sex pheromones are placed on tree branches or placed spatially around. By having large numbers of pheromones in the air, insects find it difficult to follow a single scent to locate a partner.

47
Q

In which of the following order do white clover phytomers age?

A

leaf formation, internode elongation, possible stolon

branching/inflorescence development, root formation, death;

48
Q

plant resources

A

light, water, nutrients (calcium, magnesium, sodium, move within soil profile)

49
Q

The self-thinning rule

A
  • is only applicable in situations where plants are crowded.
  • has been referred to as ecology’s law in search of a theory;
  • consequentially individual plant size increases, plant numbers decrease.
50
Q

The maximum nitrogen content acceptable in malting barley is:

A

2%

51
Q

The concept “disease pyramid” refers to:

A
  • the essential conditions required for significant disease to occur in a crop
  • The disease triangle concept illustrates the point that disease cannot develop in a crop unless the ……. ……. is susceptible, the …….pathogen…… is viable (and virulent) and the …… ……. is favourable.
52
Q

You would find xylem tissue in:

A
  • angiosperms;
  • gymnosperms;
  • conifers;
  • hardwoods (tree trunks mostly made of xylem)
53
Q

Phytomere

A

consists of a node, a leaf, and axillary bud separated by an internode;

54
Q

Perennial weeds are most likely to be found in

A

well-established sheep pastures

55
Q

Which seed crop is predominantly cross-pollinated by the wind?

A

perennial ryegrass;

56
Q

The arable industry in New Zealand:

A
  • is centred in Canterbury;
57
Q

barley

A
  • malting barley is lower yielding than feed barley;
  • good couch control (as couch leaves can harbour the pathogen) is not appropriate control technique for powdery mildew of barley?
58
Q

. The defect core in a log is:

A

located in the centre of pruned logs.

59
Q

Due to leaching, most New Zealand soils are naturally deficient in these macronutrients

A

nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus (some may argue calcium and magnesium)

60
Q

White clover

A
  • can incorporate 200 kg of N as a product of atmospheric N ….fixation…… due to its mutualistic relationship with ….Rhizobium…… bacteria.
  • the function of a staler is to increase the survival probability of an individual plant; allow an increase in the area explored by an individual plant and keep the growing points under defoliation height;
  • Modern white clover cultivars have been bred to have larger leaf sizes and higher …stolon…. densities. This gives these cultivars greater potential …yield…. and the ability to have better ……tolerance……. to adverse conditions, respectively.
61
Q

If a plant species is able to survive and grow in an acidic soil it is classified as a

A

stress tolerator

62
Q

major types of insect pest control tactics:

A
  • cultural control
  • biological control
  • plant resistance
  • insect pheromones
  • insecticides.
63
Q

Which of the following is involved in stomata opening and closing?

A

ATP and the nutrient potassium

64
Q

Maize

A
  • C4 cereal

-

65
Q

Insect damage in plants

A 
feeding, 
egg-laying
host
environment
(oviposition) 
transmission of plant disease.
66
Q

The isolation distance in seed production may refer to:

A 
(A) the minimum separation required between two cultivars during a single seed production season
(B) the minimum time (in years) between changing cultivars of the same species at the same site
(C) a distance of 50 – 200 m, depending on certification class and paddock size for ryegrass cultivars;
67
Q

What is a fruiting body?

A

a structure from which spores arise;

283.101 (2 decks)

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