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BIO 100B > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

Oomycetes resemble green plants in that

A

they have cellulose in their cell walls

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2
Q

Which of the following statements about brown algae is false?

A 
A.	They are all extremely small.
TRUE:
B.	They are almost exclusively marine.
C.	They are multicelluar.
D.	They contain fucoxanthin.
E.	They contain chlorophyll a.
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3
Q

Some excavates

A

A. lack mitochondria.
B. have chloroplasts.
C. have genes in their nuclear genome that are normally present in mitochondrial DNA.
D. are parasites.

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4
Q

Lichens may reproduce

A

B. asexually, by fragmentation of the thallus.

C. asexually, by formation of soredia.

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5
Q

In what way do fungal decomposers contribute to Earth’s carbon cycle?

A

They return carbon atoms to the atmosphere in the form of respiratory CO2.

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6
Q

Chytrids are distinct from other fungi in that

A

their gametes are flagellated.

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7
Q

The life cycle of some sac fungi and club fungi is unusual in that

A

A. there are no gametes.

B. the dikaryotic condition can persist for a long time.

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8
Q

Which of the following characteristics is unique to the fungi?

A

Plasmogamy

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9
Q

Reproduction in Fungi

A

can occur asexually in unicellular fungi by budding

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10
Q

Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction in Basidiomycota is true?

A

The only diploid cells are those that contain fused nuclei.

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11
Q

Homo neanderthalensis

A

had a range that overlapped with that of Homo sapiens.

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12
Q

Ecdysozoans

A

all have a cuticle.

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13
Q

The common ancestor of deuterostomes

A

had a pharynx with slits

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14
Q

The modern sarcopterygians

A

have jointed fins.

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15
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

is correlated with cephalization.

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16
Q

Which of the following statements about rotifers is true?

A

Rotifers don’t propel themselves through water by muscle contraction.
Rotifers don’t have an incomplete gut.
Bdelloid rotifers only reproduce asexually*
Rotifers don’t have an exoskeleton.
Rotifers are not coelomates.

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17
Q

All oligochaetes

A 
Don't have parapodia.
Are hermaphrodites.
Don't have complete metamorphosis.
Don't have eyes.
Don't have anterior tentacles.
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18
Q

Which of the following traits is not found in lophotrochozoans?

A

Radial Symmetry

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19
Q

Which of the following statements about the chondrichthyans and ray-finned fishes is true?

A

Both have paired fins

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20
Q

Which of the following statements about crustaceans is true?

A

Most have a body that is composed of three regions.

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21
Q

Some biologists do not consider hagfishes vertebrates because they

A

lack vertebrae and have skeleton made of cartilage.

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22
Q

Which of the following statements about tube feet is FALSE?

A

They are used for reproduction.

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23
Q

In the not-too-distant past, the theory that birds were reptiles was met with skepticism. What type(s) of evidence support this theory?

A

The fossil record
Morphology
Molecular data

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24
Q

Hemichordates differ from echinoderms in that

A

hemichordates have bodies composed of three parts.

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25
Q

Which of the following statements about mollusks is false?

A

All mollusks have a shell.

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26
Q

Which of the following characteristics is not unique to mammals?

A

Four-chambered heart

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27
Q

The ancestor of the animal clade was likely a _______ similar to existing _______. Animals probably evolved from this ancestor by _______ of cells.

A

colonial protist; choanoflagellates; functional specialization

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28
Q

Which of the following statements about segmentation in animals is true?

A

Segmented animals are triploblastic.
Segmentation facilitates the specialization of function in different parts of the body.
Segmentation may be present in both protostomes and deuterostomes.
Segmentation results in improved control of animal movement.

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28
Q

Limitations to BioSpecConcept

A

Asexual
Fossils
Unknown species
Bio engineering products

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29
Q

3 species concepts besides BioSpecCon

A 
Morphological
-body shape, size, structured
Paleontological
-morphological known only from fossils
Ecological
-ecological niche
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30
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

Habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic

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31
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Other homeland

Habitat separation
Gene flow reduced
One or both undergo evolutionary change

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32
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Ecological isolation due to habitat differentiation and sexual selection

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33
Q

Polyploidy

A

Extra sets of chromosomes in cells due to accidents during cell division
Hybrids often infertile unless tetraploids

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34
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Together

Disruptive selection
Polyploidy

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35
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

The rapid diversification of organisms following mass extinctions, evolution of novel characteristics, colonization of new regions

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36
Q

3 outcomes of species overlap in hybrid zones over time

A
  • Reinforcement of reproductive differences
  • Species fuse
  • Stability of hybrids, formation of third species
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37
Q

What were the raw materials for first life?

A

Methane
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide

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38
Q

4 stages in origin of life:

A
  • Abiotic synthesis of non-living organic molecules (monomers of amino acids and nucleic acids)
  • Monomers formed proteins and RNA (polymers)
  • Polymers packaged into protocells (liposomes) surrounded by membrane like structure
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39
Q

How do sedimentary strata help shine light on evolution?

A

Reveal relative age of fossils

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40
Q

Isotope dating?

A

Tells us absolute age of fossil

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41
Q

Magnetism of rock?

A

Tells us about reversal of poles associated with geobiological events

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43
Q

What is continental drift and how did it effect evolution of life?

A

Created new ecological niches
Separated populations, allopatric speciation
Once dominant species can be out competed

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44
Q

How did mass extinctions provide opportunities for adaptive radiation?

A

Changed environment and climate
New ecological niches
Various new “pressures” from the environment drive reproduction of survival of species due to various traits

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45
Q

Name 2 mass extinctions, the species that went extinct, and why.

A

Permian 250 mya: 96% of all multicellular species extinct, especially marine. 8 of 27 order of insects.
Why? Massive global cooling caused by huge volcanic eruptions

Cretaceous 65 mya
All terrestrial dinosaurs extinct
Many marine / terrestrial animals lost
75% of plants and animals

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46
Q

What type of organism dominated Precambrian (544-3500 mya)?

A

Prokaryotes dominated
Life in oceans only (O2 toxic)
Cyanobacteria first photosynthesizers

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47
Q

What were the first photosynthesizers?

A

Cyanobacteria
Produced oxygen by making their own food
This opened up niches to other organisms
Created ozone layer, provides protection from UV

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48
Q

Describe Cambrian Explosion.

A

540 mya
Appearance of most animal phyla
Predator-Prey interactions

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49
Q

When did organisms move to land? Which first?

A

460 mya

Fungi and plants

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50
Q

What did plants develop for life on land?

A

Cuticle, embryos, vascular system, seeds, and flowers

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51
Q

What were the first animals to move onto land?

A

Arthropods

exoskeleton protects from UV and retains water

52
Q

Liposome

A

A liposome is a tiny bubble (vesicle), made out of the same material as a cell membrane

53
Q

Probiont

A

Protocell; Protobionts are systems that are considered to have possibly been the precursors to prokaryotic cells. If RNA is trapped inside, the system can use the RNA or select for it.

54
Q

Fimbriae

A

Short and numerous
Promote stickiness (colony)
Allows for sticking to substrate

55
Q

Pili

A

Long and scattered
Promote stickiness (colony)
Allows for sticking to substrate

56
Q

Endospore

A

The primary function of most endospores is to ensure the survival of a bacterium through periods of environmental stress.

57
Q

Methanogen

A

A type of archeota
Reduced CO2 to CH4
Obligate anaerobe
Live in guts of grazing mammals, termites, cockroaches

58
Q

Conjugation

A

Horizontal Gene Transfer used by bacteria

59
Q

Apicoplast

A

A non-photosynthetic plastid used by apicomplexans. Originated from alga through secondary endosymbiosis

60
Q

Fucoxanthin

A

Is what gives brown alga and diatoms there brown / olive color

61
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Extensions of the cytoplasm used by protists and other eukaryotes, often amoebozoans.

62
Q

Plasmodium

A

Genus of apicomplexa that cause malaria

63
Q

Swarm cells

A

Cells with two flagella that usually revert to amoeboid stage

64
Q

What do all organisms have in common?

A 
DNA that encodes proteins
Conservative replication
Ribosomes
Metabolic pathway
Plasma membrane
65
Q

How do prokayotes differ from eukaryotes?

A

Cell wall
No nucleus
No organelles
Plasmids

66
Q

General characteristics of prokaryotes and why are they successful?

A

Small
Diverse and abundant
Reproduce quickly
Cell wall with peptido (some)

67
Q

What is the function of the bacterial cell wall?

A

Maintains shape
Prevents lysing
Provides protection; ie capsules protect against foreign immune system
Allows for attachment to other cells (fimbriae and pili too)
Flagella on cell wall provide propulsion

68
Q

How is the bacterial cell wall different from Archaeic and Eukaryotic?

A

Archaea: protein or polysaccharide
Eukaryote: chitin or cellulose

69
Q

What are the 3 types of bacteria morphology?

A

Cocci, Bacilli, Spirilli

70
Q

Function of capsule

A

Stick to other cells

Protect against foreign immune system

71
Q

How does bacterial reproduction facilitate adaptation?

A

Occurs often: more mutations (Generation span)
Horizontal: allows for exchange of DNA
Endospores: allow for bacteria to wait till the perfect time

72
Q

What are the 4 nutritional modes of bacteria?

A

Obligate anaerobic: O2 poison
Aerotolerant anaerobes: O2 not poison
Facultative anaerobe: use both pathways
Obligate aerobe: O2 necessary

73
Q

What are the 7 groups of bacteria? Describe.

A 
Gram+
Hyperthermophilic
Hadobacteria
Cyanobacteria
Spirochetes
Chlamydias
Proteobacteria
74
Q

Gram+

A

Have peptidoglycan outside cell wall

75
Q

Hyperthermophilic

A

Like extremely high temperatures

Not monophyletic

76
Q

Hadobacteria

A

Can live in both extreme hot and cold
Can consume nuclear waste
Source of DNA polymerase

77
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Photosynthetic
Blue-green pigment
N-fixers

78
Q

Spirochetes

A

Gram-
motile
modified flagella that rotate
Many parasites and pathogens

79
Q

Chlamydias

A 
Gram-
exclusively parasitic
small
Can take up ATP from host
two forms in life cycle
80
Q

Proteobacteria

A 
Largest group
Became mitochondria
Some N-fixers
Some photoautotrophs
E. Coli
81
Q

Characteristics of Archaea

A

Lack peptidoglycan
Many live in extreme habitats
Common in soil and oceans

82
Q

Crenarcheota

A

Archaea that is thermophilic and/or acidophilic
Sulfolobus
lives in hot spring

83
Q

Euryarchaeota

A

Methanogens: obligate anaerobes (termite gut)

Extreme halophiles: light absorbing molecules to trap energy and form ATP

84
Q

How are prokaryotes beneficial to the environment?

A 
Chemical recylcing
N-fixation
Symbionts
Nutrients
Mobility
Prey/Mate attraction
85
Q

How are prokaryotes beneficial/harmful to humans?

A

Bioremediation
Molecular biology
Production of vitamins, hormones, biotech products

Pathogens

86
Q

Characteristics of virus

A 
Not cellular
Do not replicate independently
Do not metabolize
Have genetic material
Evolve
Interact
obligate cellular parasites
87
Q

What structure changes do we see in eukaryote?

A

Loss of cell wall

Development of cytoskeleton

88
Q

Why are protists called the “grab bag”?

A

Reproductively, nutritionally, structurally diverse

Mixo, auto, and heterotrophs.

89
Q

Characteristics of Alveolates and it’s members

A

Alveoli beneath membrane
Unicellular
often Photosynthetic

CILIATES heterotrophic, two nuclei, asexual, trichocysts, cilia

DINOFLAGELLETES marine photosynthetics, endosymbionts of coral, cellulose plates, 2 flagella

APICOMPLEXANS parasitic, sexual and asexual stages with 2 diff hosts

90
Q

Characteristics of Excavata and it’s members

A

Cytoskeleton, feeding groove

DIPLOMONADS 2 nuclei, multiple flagella
PARABASALIDS move by flagella and undulating membrane… both anaerobic enviro, lack plastids, mitochondria lack DNA, e- chain, or citric cycle

EUGLENOZOANS spiral/crystallune rods in flagella, diverse nutritional modes

91
Q

Characteristics of Stramenophiles and it’s members

A

Hair & smooth flagella

DIATOMS unicellular alga, silica tests, phytoplankton, fix 20% of all carbon on earth, no flagella, sexual & asexual

BROWN ALGAE multicellular largest alga, fucoxanthin, marine, alteration of generations, gametic life history

OOMYCETES water molds and downy mildews, cellulose cell walls, plastid ancestors, absorptive heterotrophs

92
Q

Describe Rhizaria and modes of digestion

A

Clade formed by DNA, threadlike pseudopodia, ocean sediment, include:
RADIOLARIANS silica tests, engulf food
FORAMINIFERANS calcium tests, photosynthetic symbiont

93
Q

Describe Amboebozoans

A

Have lobe-shaped pseudopodia, plasmodial slime molds, cellular slime molds

94
Q

Metamorphosis

A

A change in the form and often habits of an animal during normal development after the embryonic stage

95
Q

Larvae

A

Sexually immature and morphologically distinct from adult

96
Q

Juvenile

A

Resembles adult, but not sexually mature

97
Q

Echdysozoans

A

Shed exoskeleton

98
Q

Describe general fungal life cycle

A

Plasmogamy; cell fusion (n)
Dikaryotic stage (n+n)
Karyogamy; nucli fusion (2n)

99
Q

When did animals orginate?

A

500 mya

100
Q

3 Lines of evidence that choanoflagellates are closely related to animals.

A

Genome sequencing
Complex behavior
Similar cells in porifera

101
Q

Causes for Cambrian explosion and decline of Ediacarian biota?

A

New predator prey interactions
Rise in atmospheric O2
Hox gene complex

102
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of animals and 4 key features.

A 
Multicellular
Lack Cell Wall
Hetertrophic; internal digestion
Adhesion/Signaling proteins
Embryonic tissues
103
Q

Contrast Radial/Bilateral symmetry

A

Bilateral symmetry associated with cephalization, specialization, more complex organs and more complex movement
Radial symmetry associated more with sessile. Good for 360 view of food and predators

104
Q

Craniate

A

Skull
Brain
Eyes
Sensory organs

105
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Jawed vertebrates

  • enhanced sensory organs
  • mineralized endoskeleton
  • paired appendages
  • lateral line
106
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Sharks, rays, bats, ratfishes

107
Q

Amniotes

A

Tough skin prevent drying out
Excretory organs
Amniote eggs

108
Q

Tetrapods

A

Four limbs with digits

Ears for detecting airborne sounds

109
Q

Amphibian

A 
salamanders, frogs, toads, newts
moist skin
exothermic
no scales
external fertilization
aquatic larvae --> terrestrial adult
110
Q

Reptile

A 
Amniotes
Scales
Internal fertilization
Use rib cage to ventilate lungs
exothermic
(birds endothermic)
111
Q

Prototherians

A

oviparous
no placenta
provide milk (no nipple)
PLATYPUS, ECHIDNAS

112
Q

Marsupials

A

therian

complete embryonic development in pouch where nursed

113
Q

What are the distinguishing features of sponges?

A

Choanocytes for feeding
Spicules for structure
Hermaphrodites

114
Q

What are the distinguishing features of Cnidarians?

A

Cnidocytes
Radially symmetric
Diploblastic

115
Q

What are the distinguishing features of Echinodermata?

A

Endoskeleton of calcium
Secondary radial symmetry
Water vascular system with tube feet

Ex: star fish (Astero), brittle star (Ophiu), sea urchin (Echino), sea cucumber (Holo), sea lillies (Crino)

116
Q

What are the distinguishing features of Arthropoda?

A

Exoskeleton
Jointed appendages
Segmented coelomates

117
Q

What are the distinguishing features of Arthropoda Cheliceriforms?

A

claw like feeding appendages

118
Q

What are the distinguishing features of Arthropoda Myriapoda?

A

Segmented with legs

Distinct head with antennae and mandibles

119
Q

What are the distinguishing features of Arthropoda Crustacea?

A

2 pairs of antennae
Gills and calcified exoskeleton
Keen senses

120
Q

What are the distinguishing features of Arthropoda Hexapoda?

A

3 body parts
1 pair of antannae
3 legs

121
Q

How did tetrapods evolve?

A

Lobe-fin fish (jointed appendages joined to body by single large bone)

122
Q

How are birds adapted for flight?

A

Hollow bones
Feathers for different niches
4 chambered heart and efficient tubes

123
Q

What is an amniotic egg?

A 
Impermeable to water
Allows gas exchange
Calcium shell
Stores food for embryo in yolk
Extraembryonic membrane
124
Q

Three types of mammals and distinguishing features;

A

Prototherians
Therians
Eutherians

125
Q

Describe the main characteristics of primates.

A 
Hand & feet adapted for grasping
Large, short jaws
Forward-looking eyes for depth perception
Parent care & complex social behavior
Fully opposable thumbs

BIO 100B (5 decks)

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