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Physical Geography > Exam Review > Flashcards

Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate climate and weather

A

Climate is the average temp and precipitation for an area over the past 30 years.
Weather is short term.

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2
Q

Who classified climates?

A

Vladmir Koppen

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3
Q

What was Koppen’s main goal?

A

He wanted to study global vegetation patterns

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4
Q

How was his climate system developed?

A

A-B-C-D-E

Awesome, Barren, Cool, Damn, and Eww

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5
Q

Where are the A Climates?

A

Equatorial, Northern South America, Southern Mexico

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6
Q

Where are the B Climates?

A

Southwestern US, Sahara, Arabia.

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7
Q

Where are the C Climates?

A

Southeast US, Mediterranean, Japan

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8
Q

Where are the D Climates?

A

Russia, Siberia, Northern Eurpoe

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9
Q

Where are the E Climates?

A

Poles, Alaska, Greenland, Antarctica

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10
Q

What are the most common climates?

A

A and B

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11
Q

Describe Af Climates

A

Tropical rainforest. Tall trees, thick vegetation

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12
Q

Describe Am Climates

A

Tropical monsoon. Poor vegetation patterns, often exchanged with precipitation.

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13
Q

Describe Aw Climates

A

Tropical savanna, half wet, half dry. Cannot support forests because of poor moisture

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14
Q

Describe BWh Climates

A

Hot desert. Low precipitation. Northern Africa

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15
Q

Describe BWk Climates

A

Cold desert. found in Iran and around Mongolia

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16
Q

Describe BSh Climates

A

Hot Steppes. Surrounds the hot deserts with humid climates. Sahel and Australia

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17
Q

Describe BSk Climates

A

Cold Steppes. Western North America, Tibet.

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18
Q

What causes B Climates?

A

Descending subtropic air, rain shadows, Distance to the ocean, and cool ocean currents

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19
Q

Describe Cfa Climates

A

Humid Subtropical. Wet year round with hot summers and short cold seasons. Southeastern US, Japan and Australia.

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20
Q

Describe Csa / Csb Climates

A

All have wet winters. Dry and hot (Csa) or warm (Csb) summers. Pacific coast, southern Eurasia, coastal California.

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21
Q

Describe Cw(abc) Climates

A

Monsoon. Hot, warm, mild summers (ABC, r)

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22
Q

Describe Cfb and Cfc Climates

A

Marine West Coast near oceans. Warm or cool (B,C) summers

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23
Q

Describe Dwa and Dwb Climates

A

Continental Monsoon Climates. Mostly in Asia. Dwb have dry winters and warm wet summers.

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24
Q

Describe Dwa and Dwb Climates

A

Continental Monsoon Climates. Mostly in Asia. Dwb have dry winters and warm wet summers.

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25
Q

Describe Dfc and Dfd Climates

A

Subarctic. Further from the poles.Trees can survive.

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26
Q

Describe EF Climates

A

Ice cap. Mainly polar.

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27
Q

Describe ET Climates

A

Tundra.

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28
Q

What evidence do we have for climate change?

A

Glaciers, tree rings, sea level rising

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29
Q

What is the difference between rocks and minerals?

A

Rocks are made of minerals.

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30
Q

What makes a mineral?

A

a) Naturally occurring
b) Inorganic solid
c) Consistent crystalline structure

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31
Q

Describe Quartz

A

Made of silicon oxide. White, cystalline

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32
Q

Describe Feldspar

A

Two varieties. Potassium feldspar. Varies from pink to gray.

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33
Q

Describe Mica

A

Easy to break and flake. Shiny. Silver, green, brown, black

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34
Q

Silicate minerals account for what percent of the minerals in the earth’s crust?

A

90%

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35
Q

How do rocks form on surface environments?

A

Glacial sediment deposits, steep mountains, sand drifts, etc.

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36
Q

How do rocks form in hot environments?

A

Cooled lava,volcanic ash

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37
Q

What are the 8 Key Steps to the Rock Cycle?

A

Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Lithification, Deformation, Melting, Solidification, Uplift

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38
Q

Talk about weathering

A

(1) Gradational forces wear down the rock to create sediment

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39
Q

Talk about erosion

A

(2) Erosion is the movement of the weathered sediment through water, wind, or gravity on hills

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40
Q

Talk about deposition

A

(3) End of erosion, usually found at the end of streams

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41
Q

Talk about lithification

A

(4) Sediment can be buried and compressed to form sedimentary rock.

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42
Q

Talk about deformation

A

(5) Strong pressure and heat can make a rock go under metamorphosis, creating a metamorphic rock.

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43
Q

Talk about melting

A

(6) Rock under high pressure can melt and make magma. This is called magmatism.

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44
Q

Talk about solidification

A

(7) Magma will cool at the surface, forming rocks.

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45
Q

Talk about uplift

A

(8) At any point in time, rock can be brought to the surface

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46
Q

What are some common sedimentary rocks?

A

Limestone, gypsum, Chert, coal, Conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale

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47
Q

What are the two ways that sediments can be sedimentary rocks?

A

Compaction and cementation

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48
Q

What is a clast?

A

Fragment of rock

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49
Q

Explain compaction

A

Sediment is buried and pressure is increased. Forces out water. Loses 40% of volume.

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50
Q

Explain cementation

A

Water interacts with minerals to create a natural cement.

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51
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Holes in igneous rock that come from bubbles in the magma

52
Q

How does volcanic glass form?

A

Magma erupts on the surface and cools so quickly that crystals don’t have time to form.

53
Q

What is a pyroclastic flow?

A

Volcanic ash erupting in clouds of hot gas and rock

54
Q

What are the two kinds of igneous rock?

A

Extrusive and intrusive

55
Q

How does extrusive differ from intrusive?

A

Magma is cooled on the surface as opposed to inside the surface

56
Q

What factors influence the development of landscapes?

A

Parent materials of rock, orientation of the rock (hemisphere), and climate

57
Q

What features do landscapes display?

A

Color, hills, superposition

58
Q

How do you analyze a landscape?

A

Look at it in pieces and then pay attention to color

59
Q

Give examples of physical weathering

A

Fracturing of rock, frost wedging, biological activity

60
Q

Give examples of chemical weathering

A

Dissolution, oxidation, hydrolysis

61
Q

How does erosion happen?

A

Gravity, running water, waves, ice, wind erosion

62
Q

What are the layers of the earth?

A

Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

63
Q

What are the two types of crust?

A

Continental and ocean

64
Q

Which of the two is heavier?

A

Ocean crust is heavier.

65
Q

Who came up with the theory of continental drift?

A

Alfred Wegener 1912

66
Q

What evidence do we have for continental drift?

A

Fossil records of dinosaurs found on different continents

67
Q

Why was Wegener’s theory discredited?

A

Theorists can’t figure out how continents can move.

68
Q

Where is seismic and volcanic activity strongly located?

A

Pacific Ring of Fire, earthquakes are centered around the tectonic boundaries

69
Q

What are the three different kinds of plate boundaries?

A

Divergent () Convergent (>

70
Q

Why do the plates move?

A

Mantle convection moves plates from the magma (driving forces and resisting forces)

71
Q

How do hot spots form?

A

Cracks in the mantle will spew magma that will cool. Seafloor spreading will move the land formed over, and will make new land once it is finished. Newer land is closer to the hot spot

72
Q

What are continents?

A

Continuous expanses of land

73
Q

What are terranes?

A

Extraneous pieces of land that drift on continents to different parts of the world.

74
Q

What are common features of continents?

A

Continental shield, platform, basin, and coastal plain

75
Q

What is a continental shield?

A

Old metamorphic and igneous rocks in a thick area of land

76
Q

What is a continental platform?

A

Surrounds the shield, lower rock, gently warped and eroded

77
Q

What is a continental basin?

A

Downward warped land, going into the earth

78
Q

Explain diastrophism

A

Violent breaking down of the earth’s crust

79
Q

Explain gradational forces

A

Slow weathering from water, wind, and ice

80
Q

What is a volcano?

A

A vent where magma and other volcanic products erupt on the surface

81
Q

What are the main kinds of volcanoes?

A

Cinder cone, shield volcano, composite volcano, and volcanic dome

82
Q

What is a cinder cone?

A

Cone shaped hills, small hole at the summit, mainly made of basalt

83
Q

What is a shield volcano?

A

Broad, gentle slopes. Commonly have a crater, or many craters with fissures at the summit.

84
Q

What is a composite volcano?

A

Steep slopes, but smaller than shield volcanoes. Composed of andesite, very dangerous.

85
Q

What is a volcanic dome?

A

Solidified lava. Magma cannot flow easily, so it piles up around a vent. Located in calderas, commonly.

86
Q

What is a lava flow?

A

Magma will erupt and flow away from the vent. Often fairly fluid, will travel a short distance before solidifying.

87
Q

What is a lava dome?

A

Piled up high-viscous lava that cannot flow.

88
Q

What is volcanic ash?

A

Explosive eruption of pumice and rock fragments apart from magma as well as glass and other rocks.

89
Q

What is the difference between Felsic and Mafic magma flows?

A

Felsic are more eruptive and viscous. Mafic are more flowy and less viscous

90
Q

What is an Aa lava flow?

A

Rough surfaced flow, breaks apart into blocks of hardened lava

91
Q

What is is pahoehoe lava flow?

A

Folds into a rope like texture, fed by a lava tube and solidifies. Moves more slowly than aa.

92
Q

What are lava pillows?

A

Fluid lava erupts into water and the lava grows forward as small lumps called pillows.

93
Q

What is a caldera?

A

Large, basin shaped, volcanic depression

94
Q

How does a caldera form?

A

Pyroclastic lava flows fail to explode, having the magma melt the surrounding area and form a depression

95
Q

Define hazard

A

Existence of possibly dangerous situation

96
Q

Define risk

A

Assessment of whether the hazard may have societal impact

97
Q

What hazards are associated with volcanoes?

A

Falling objects, volcanic ash, gases

98
Q

What factors are important in learning volcano risk?

A

Proximity, valleys, wind direction

99
Q

What are the different kinds of stress?

A

Compression, Tension, and Shearing

100
Q

How are fractures expressed in the landscape?

A

Faults and joints

101
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

Release of energy through rock

102
Q

What are the two kinds of waves?

A

P Waves and S Waves

103
Q

How do P Waves move?

A

Compressions of >

104
Q

How do S Waves move?

A

Wiggly up and down through the rock

105
Q

What causes most earthquakes?

A

Movement along tectonic plates and fault lines

106
Q

How do volcanoes and magma cause earthquakes?

A

Magma can move out of a volcano forcefully and cause an earthquake.

107
Q

How are earthquakes related to the Mid-Ocean Ridges?

A

Common along MO Ridges, often spreading apart

108
Q

How are earthquakes related to subduction zones?

A

Oceanic plates thrust underneath another oceanic plate or continental plates, creating a subjection zone

109
Q

What is a glacier?

A

Masses of ice that flow from their own weight

110
Q

What are the two kinds of glaciers?

A

Continental and alpine

111
Q

How does snow accumulate in a glacier?

A

Snow piles up, and the older snow crystallizes and gets hard.

112
Q

How do glaciers form down hill?

A

Snow falls on the “zone of accumulation”. It then travels downhill. Where the snow loss and ice loss is equal to the mass, it is called the equilibrium line. It then goes down to lower land called the “zone of ablation”

113
Q

How do glaciers erode?

A

Plucking, abrasion, and glacial meltwater.

114
Q

What is plucking?

A

Glacial ice will chip away at the rock, pulling it in with the glacier.

115
Q

What is abrasion?

A

Ice will cut into rock and make scratches into the rock

116
Q

What is glacial meltwater?

A

The glacier can melt and have water along with it. This water can help melt the ice.

117
Q

Define cirque

A

Bowl shaped depressions from glaciers

118
Q

Define tarn

A

A lake located in a cirque

119
Q

What are cols and aretes?

A

Aretes are jagged ridges which have been eroded from glaciers. Cols are the low points in between these ridges.

120
Q

What is a glacial horn?

A

Where three or more cirques merge by erosion, a horn forms (Matterhorn, Switz)

121
Q

How are kettle lakes formed?

A

Dead ice will stop traveling with the glacier, melt, and form a depression

122
Q

What is a moraine?

A

Rock and sediment that is carried from a glacier

123
Q

What are the three kinds of moraines?

A

Lateral, terminal, and ground

124
Q

What is an esker?

A

Long, snake-like paths formed from sediment

125
Q

What is a drumlin?

A

Small hill formed from glaciers

126
Q

What is permafrost?

A

Ground that has been permanently frozen

127
Q

What kind of evidence do we have of past glaciers?

A

Barren mountains, cracked ground from the ice. Noticeable eskers and drumlins

Physical Geography (1 decks)

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