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BIOL 1101 > Exam study > Flashcards

Exam study Flashcards

1
Q

Describe: Darwin’s observation of evolution

A

Members vary inherited traits

More offspring produced than environment can handle

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2
Q

Describe: Natural selection

A

NS increases frequency of favorable adaptations over time

New conditions give rise to new species

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3
Q

Describe: Homology

A

Shared derived characteristics

Proves divergent evolution

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4
Q

Describe:

Tree of life

A

Phylogeny showing evolutionary relationships

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5
Q

Describe: Structure of phylogeny

A

Terminal taxa at recent ends
Nodes where branches occur
Sister taxa branch from most recent node
Clade, contains ALL species decendant from one ancestor

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6
Q

Describe: Apomorphies

A

Derived traits which act as ancestral features for terminal taxa.
Taxa are grouped by apomorphies
Does not include the ancestral node

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7
Q

Describe: Synapomorphies

A

Shared apomorphies, includes ancestral node

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8
Q

Describe: Autapomorphy

A

Unique traits on taxa that separate it from others

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9
Q

Describe: Sympleiomorphies

A

Traits which is shared by terminal taxa and earlier taxa in clade.

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10
Q

Describe: Genetic molecular clocks

A

DNA has a high rate of mutation

RNA has a slow rate of mutation

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11
Q

Describe: Horizontal and vertical gene transfer

A

Horizontal transfer = organism 1 to organism 2

Vertical transfer = parent to offspring, occurs over time

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12
Q

Describe: Monophyletic, paraphyletic, polyphyletic

A 
Mono = includes ALL descendants of an ancestor
Para = includes some descendants  
Poly = includes taxa but not any node that relates them
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13
Q

Describe: Age of the earth and first life

A

4.54 billion years
Life in 2-3 billion years
Known through radioactive decay

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14
Q

Describe: Protobionts and Coacervates

A

Protobiont simple cell with only membrane

Coacervate, more complex with metabolism

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15
Q

Describe: LUCA

A 
Universal common ancestor
Anaerobic
CO2 fixing
H2 dependant
Acetyl-CoA pathway
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16
Q

Describe:

Photosynthesis reaction

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O => C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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17
Q

Describe: Prokaryote evolution

A

Bacteria and archaea are 2 main branches

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18
Q

Describe: Maynard Smith 8 transitions

A 
Replicating molecules
Independent replicators RNA
Genes and DNA
Prokaryotes
Asexual clones
Protists
Individuals
Primate society

Basically, increased organisational complexity over time

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19
Q

Describe: Bilateral symmetry

A

The symmetry noted on most animals

Humans have a left and right side

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20
Q

Describe: Coelom

A

Fluid filled cavity in central tissue layer (mesoderm)

Acts as hydrostatic skeleton to cushion organs

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21
Q

Describe: Plant evolution

A

Come from aquatic algae

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22
Q

Describe:

Plant evolution challenges

A

Access to water - desiccation
Water balance
Structural support
Reproduction

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23
Q

Describe: Non-vascular plants

A

Require moist area
Sperm swim to archegonia to fertilise
No true roots

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24
Q

Describe: Vascular plants

A

Have roots
Cellulose to allow for structure and growth
Water transport systems

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25
Q

Describe: Reproduction of vascular and non vascular plants

A

Haploid (1n) gametophyte produces egg and sperm
Gametes form diploid (2n) zygote, sporophyte
Sporophyte forms 1n spores

Vascular plants: sporophyte dominated
Non vascular: gametophyte dominated

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26
Q

Describe: Advantage of sporophyte transition

A

UV can damage
1n more sensitive than 2n
Adaptive to more mutations

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27
Q

Describe: Time periods for evolutionary points in millions of years

A 
Ordovician - 443
Silurian - 419
Devonian - 359
Carbioniferous, permian - 252
Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous - 66
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28
Q

Describe:

Flowering plants

A

Angiosperms formed in cretaceous period
Disperse pollen, allows cross-pollenation
When pollen lands on stigma, sperm 1 unites with egg forming zygote
Sperm 2 unites with two female polar nuclei, forming 3n endosperm

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29
Q

Describe:

Endosperm

A

Nutritive tissue providing for embryo or seedling.

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30
Q

Describe:

Spiracle

A

Holes in body to allow respiration

Small insects that fly use this

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31
Q

Describe: Theory of rock deposition

A

Deposition inclined = forced
Unconformity = large timespan
Fossil sequences can be compared = BIOCORRELATION

32
Q

Describe: Steno’s principles

A

Superposition = oldest layer at bottom of sediment
Original horizontality = Strata found horizontal, if inclined, then force altered
Lateral continuity = Strata continuous until pinch at edge of basin

33
Q

Describe: Extinction and to be extant

A

Loss of all living members of a species

Extant means to have living members

34
Q

Describe: Intrinsic factors of extinction

A

Deterministic traits, those of the species itself

[genetic variability, high trophic level]

35
Q

Describe: Extrinsic factors of extinction

A

Stochastic processes, those due to chance

36
Q

Describe: Mass extinction periods and times

millions of years ago

A 
Ordovician = 450 
Devonian = 350 
Permian = 250 
Triassic = 200
Cretaceous = 50
Current = due to humans
37
Q

Describe: Mass extinction, whos, whys and aftermath

A 
Ordovician = Aquatic, lower sea level, shark radiation + land colonization
Devonian = varied, global cooling, insects radiate + forests
Permian = almost everyone, asteroid, invertebrate radiation
Cretaceous = Dinosaurs, asteroid, mammal radiation
38
Q

Describe: Forms of extinction

A

Local = no individuals in an area
In wild = individuals only in captivity
Ecologically = so rare, no ecological role
Pseudo extinction = species evolves, no ancestor

39
Q

Describe: Extinction vortex

A

Small population = genetic drift = loss of genetic variability = loss of adaptability = low reproduction = smaller population

40
Q

Describe: Quaternary

A

Current period we are in
Intense climatic flucuation
Loss of megafauna

41
Q

Describe: Late quaternary extinction

A

Size selective extinction, unusual

Pleistocene period

42
Q

Describe: Homozygote and heterozygote

A

Zygote refers to the two copies of alleles at the locus of homologous chromosomes
Homo or hetero = AA/aa or Aa

43
Q

Describe: Allele frequency

A

Total A / Total A and a = p
Total a / Total A and a =q
P + q = 1

44
Q

Describe: Phenotype

A

Physical expressed trait with respect to the locus

45
Q

Describe:

Micro evolutionary change

A

Changes in allele frequency in the population

46
Q

Describe: Hardy-weinberg conditions

A

A null hypothesis situation
- No selection on genotypes
- Random mating
Large population size

47
Q

Describe:

Calculation of genotype frequencies over a second generation

A

AA = p^2
Aa = 2pq
Aa = q^2
p^2 + 2qp + q^2

48
Q

Define these values

p^2 + q^2 and 1-p^2 - q^2

A

Total homozygotes and total heterozygotes

49
Q

Describe:

For a locus with 3 alleles, what is frequency of a given homologous genotype?

A

2(a*b)

Where a and b is either p, q, r

50
Q

Describe:

Type of selections

A

Heterozygote advantage
Frequency dependent selection (rare phenotype desired)
Alternate selection pressures

51
Q

Describe: Genetic drift

A

Variation in frequency of existing genes due to random selection

52
Q

Describe: Co-dominance

A

When both alleles are considered dominant and thus they are both expressed at the same time when in heterozygous combination

53
Q

Describe: Post-mating isolation mechanisms

A

No zygote formation (sperm doesn’t combine)
Hybrid inviability
Hybrid infertility

54
Q

Describe: Different types of speciation

A

Allopatric speciation = different place
Sympatric speciation = Same place
Parapatric speciation = to the side of a place

55
Q

Describe: What determines if two species are separate

A

If they are unable to mate to produce a fertile offspring

56
Q

Describe: Pre-mating isolating mechanisms

A 
Mechanical isolation
Temporal (time)
Ecologic (habitat)
Ethologial (behaviour)
Geographic (place)
57
Q

Describe: Types of reproductive behavior over a lifetime

A

Semelparity - single reproductive episode

Iteroparity - multiple reproductive episodes

58
Q

Describe:

R and K selection

A

R = intrinsic growth rate of organism
Traits maximize reproduction
K = carrying capacity of environment
Traits compete for resources

59
Q

Describe:

“lack” clutches

A

The clutch size that produces max offspring

60
Q

Describe:

Bet hedging

A

When an organism prepares for stressful conditions by sacrificing fitness now
(betting on the chance that bad things may happen)

61
Q

Describe: Geometric mean and arithmetic mean

A 
Arithmetic = E(x) / n
Geometric = (product of x')^(1/n)
62
Q

Describe: Simpsons index of diversity

A

1-([SUM n(n-1)] / N(N-1))
n = individuals of the species
N = total individuals in pop

63
Q

Describe: Community species interaction

A 
Neutralism - O|O
Commensalism - G|O
Mutualism - G|G
Parasitism - G|X
Predation - G|-
Competition - O|O, X|X
64
Q

Describe: Parasitism

A

Ectoparasite - surface
Endoparasite - internal
Parasitoids - parasitic only in larval stage
Social parasitism - having other species do work for them

65
Q

Describe: Types of competition

A

Intraspecific - same species compete
Interspecific - different species compete
Exploitative - indirect, through desire for common resource
Interference - direct, through aggression or territory

66
Q

Describe: Types of succession

A

Primary - growth on new terrain

Secondary - growth after loss of life

67
Q

Describe: Principles of coevolution

A

Frequent interactions
Impact on reproductive success
Relative evolutionary potential

68
Q

Describe:

Evolution of mimics

A

Batesian - palatable mimic to noxious species

Mullerian - Noxious mimic looks like other noxious mimic

69
Q

Describe: Lekking behaviour

A

Animal herding to increase predator spotting and working together

70
Q

Describe:

Darwin’s fatal problem

A

Insects that are unable to propogate, but still part of the species
(worker ants), altruism passes thru collateral relatives

71
Q

Describe: Haplodiploidy

A

Males develop from unfertilized eggs and females develop from fertilized eggs
Sisters are 75% related (100% haploid father, 50% diploid mother)
Sister brother 25% related

72
Q

Describe: Red queen hypothesis

A

Species in evolutionary arms race will continue to evolve endlessly, to gain reproductive advantage.
(co-evolutionary parasite)

73
Q

Describe: Darwinian fitness

A

Fitness that shows that genetics has carried on to the next generation

74
Q

Describe: Eusociality

A

When offsprings rear sibling offspring’s other than their own

75
Q

Describe: Hamilton’s rule

A

An allele for altruistic behavior will be favored if the benefit is greater than the cost. Also requires high relatedness. This secures collateral fitness

76
Q

Describe:

Inclusive fitness

A

High when Genetic return for rearing siblings is better than rearing own offspring.
Direct fitness + indirect fitness

77
Q

Describe: Kin selection

A

Altruism increases survival of relatives, promoting spread of altruistic genes through collateral

BIOL 1101 (1 decks)

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