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From Flashcardlet > EXAM1 > Flashcards

EXAM1 Flashcards

0
Q

i. Athlete’s foot
ii. Disad: bad internally
Narrow fungus
cell membrane

A

Amphotericin B

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1
Q

i. Dutch linen merchant
ii. First to observe living microbes
iii. Single=lens magnified up to 300X
iv. Very protective of his work
v. father of microscopes
vi. saw animalcules (algae and protozoa)

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723

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2
Q

flagella on outside

A

spirillum

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3
Q

i. Pioneer of Antiseptic Surgery

ii. washed hands and heated equipment with phenol and found that it greatly reduced infection

A

l. Jospeph Lister

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4
Q
  1. has outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide/phospholipid bilayer found outside peptidoglycan portion
  2. Two periplasmic spaces
  3. thin peptidoglycan layer
A

G- cell wall

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5
Q
  1. Small intracellular parasites
  2. G- cell wall
  3. Nonmotile rods or coccobacilli
  4. Ticks, fleas, lice involved in life cycle
  5. Bacteria enter endothelial cells –>necrosis of vascular lining - vasculitis, vascular leakage, and thrombosis
A

ii. The Rickettsia Genus

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6
Q
  1. composed of protein and RNA
  2. have large and small subunit scattered throughout the cell when non engaged in protein synthesis
    a. small unit
    i. translates mRNA
    ii. contains the RNA that Carol Woese used to distinguish the domains
    b. Large unit
    i. highly conserved ribozyme (RNA enzyme) used to generate peptibe bonds)
    ii. peptidyl transferase
A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

Sedimentation Rate
70s
80s

A

Prokaryotic ribosome

Eukaryotic

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8
Q

i. The Spirochetes
ii. The Rickettsia Genus
iii. Chlamydiaceae Family

A

Gracillicutes

G-

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9
Q

spheres in pairs

A

diplococci

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10
Q
  1. Slime Layer
    a. loosely organized and attached, thinner
  2. Capsule
    a. highly organized matrix of proteins and sugars,
    b. tightly attached
    c. harder to stain
    d. makes bacteria appear shiny
A

Glycocalyx Layer Types

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11
Q
  1. weak sexually transmitted pathogens
A

ii. mycoplasma genitalium/ureplasma urealyticum

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12
Q

curved rod

A

vibrio

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13
Q

All cells have cell membrane with sterols

A

E

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14
Q

rods laying side by side

A

palisade

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15
Q

more than one dye used

A

differential

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16
Q

Augmentin=amoxicillin+beta-lactamase inactivator
Broad
cell wall

A

yeah

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17
Q

i. optional coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of sugars and/or proteins
ii. two types of layers

A

Glycocalyx

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18
Q

Undulipodia are similar to cilia and flagella

Powered by ATP

A

Eukarya

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19
Q

i. Target cell components common to most pathogens (ribosomes)

A

d. Broad spectrum - greatest range of activity

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20
Q

i. beta lactam ring (pretty much for all the cilins)
ii. disadvantage - allergies
iii. Narrow - G+ and syphilis
Narrow G+
Cell wall

A

Penicillin

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21
Q

provides the surface where your smear will be located.

A

Glass Slide

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22
Q

which domains includes organisms with prokaryotic cell type?

A

A and B

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23
Q

which domain was first to appear?

A

A

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24
Q

Which cell wall type porins?

A

G-

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25
Q

i. colony appearance,
ii. color,
iii. texture

A

Macoscopic morphology

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26
Q

tube where liquid agar was cooled while tube was lying down on angle tocreate a sloped agar surface, so there’s more surface area where bacteria can grow.

A

Nutrient Agar Slant

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27
Q

i. The capacity to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects
ii. Depends on the wavelength of light that forms image
1. shorter wavelength, or use of electrons, increases the resolution
iii. Also improved with oil immersion (immersion has the same refractive index as glass)

A

Resolution

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28
Q

a. No cell walls
b. only cell membranes
c. Sterols in cell membrane (flexibility)
i. HUGE MINORITY HERE IN TERMS OF BACTERIA
d. Surface adhesins allow them to bind strongly to receptors on cells
e. Non-motile
f. Facultative Anaerobes
g. Gram Stain (-) although no peptidoglycan
h. highly pleomorphic
i. Include Mycoplasmas genus

A

Tenericutes

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29
Q

i. discovered first antibiotic, penicillin
ii. isolated in 1939 by Ernest Chain and Howard Florey
iii. Extracted from Penicillum mold

A

Alexander Fleming 1929

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30
Q

The smear with nigrosine air dried is it

A

Negative stain

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31
Q

Bacteria spread out in ink

A

Negative and Capsule

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32
Q

characterized by cell wall includes S layer

A

A

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33
Q

kills the bacteria; makes the bacteria adhere; helps the bacteria absorb stain

A

Heat Fix

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34
Q

Think Firm Peptidoglycan

A

Firmicutes

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35
Q

i. Broad to G+/G-
ii. Downside allergies; resistance; harder to absorb
Broad
cell wall

A

Ampicillin

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36
Q
  1. No peptidoglycan in cell wall
  2. Have S layer
  3. Histone-like molecules
  4. unique DNA polymerase
  5. Ribosomes similar to eukarya
  6. Unique membrane lipids
A

Archaea

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37
Q

i. metabolism
ii. temperature
iii. nutrient requirements

A

Bacterial physiology

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38
Q

What makes an endospore resistant to chemicals and radiation?

A

Spore coat

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39
Q

Which domain includes cells that can produce endospores

A

B

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40
Q

a. Vectors - something living that can transmit the microbe
i. tick
b. Reservoirs - source of microbe in nature
i. mouse, deer
c. Transmission
i. Inoculation - not communicable unless preggers
d. Symptoms
i. Primary
1. Bull’s eye
2. rash + flu
ii. Systemic
1. circulation
iii. Secondary
1. all tissues
2. CNS
3. Heart
iv. Tertiary
1. Arthritis

A

Grancilicutes
Spirochete
Barrelia Burgdorferi
Lyme Disease

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41
Q
  1. Place heat fixed smear on staining rack over your sink.
  2. Flood with methylene blue for 1 minute
  3. Rinse slide with distilled water
  4. Blot with bibulous paper
  5. View with oil immersion.
A

Simple stain

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42
Q
  1. Add mycobacterium mix it with water. Also add staphylococcus
  2. Air dry and heat fix smears.
  3. Place heat fixed smear on screen over steaming water.
  4. Apply carbolfuchin to cover smear; steam for 5 minutes.
    a. primary stain - used to color acid-fast cells; when absorbed, will give pink/red color to acid fast cell wall.
  5. Remove slide from screen and let it cool; rinse with water for about 30 seconds.
  6. Rinse drop by drop with acid alcohol until run off clear
  7. Briefly rinse with water
  8. Place slide on staining rack and counterstain with methylene blue for 30 seconds.
    a. counterstains colors any non acid fast cells
  9. Dry with bibulous paper.
A

Acid Fast Stain

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43
Q

GI upset
Narrow G+
Aminoglycosides

A

Erythromycin

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44
Q

Reduces the refractive loss of light

A

Oil Immersion

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45
Q

only one dye used

A

simple stain

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46
Q

i. deafness; kidney damage
Broad
Aminoglycoside
70s ribosome

A

Streptomycin

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47
Q

(Max dose tolerated by host)/(Dose needed to kill the microbe)

A

= Therapeutic Index (want high)

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48
Q

uses a primary stain and a counterstain to distinguish cell types or parts

A

Differential Stain

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49
Q

i. Vegetative cell: metabolically active and growing
ii. Endospore - When exposed to adverse environmental conditions
iii. Capable of high resistance and very long term survival
iv. Hardiest of all life forms

A

Endospores

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50
Q
  1. G-
  2. Intracellular parsites
  3. Polymorphic - its life cycle includes two different forms
    a. elementary bodies
    i. time infectious agent that’s taken into cell where it grows inside vacuole into reticulate body
    ii. infectious form
    b. reticulate bodies
    i. the form that multiplies inside cell; turning back into elementary bodies before escaping from the hos cell via lysis.
A

Chlamydiaceae Family

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51
Q
  1. makes bacteria stick to slide, kills bacteria, allows bacteria to absorb stain more easily.
A

Pros for heat smear

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52
Q

Cells have nucleoid that consists of single chromosome

A

A & B

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53
Q

A smear is ready to be heat fixed if

A

has been air dried

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54
Q
  1. THe microrganism or other pathogen must be present in ALL cases of the disease
  2. Thep athogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
  3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inovulcated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal.
  4. The pathogen must be reisolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen.
A

Koch’s Postulates

The four criteria established by Koch to identify the causative agent of a particular disease

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55
Q

Flagella powered by ion channels

A

Bacteria

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56
Q

i. FIne, hairlike bristles emerging from cell surface of _ domain
ii. Function in adhesion to other cells/surfaces
iii. contribute to virulence

A

Bacteria G+ G-

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57
Q

stains improve

A

definition

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58
Q
  1. Talk about why microbes are essential
A 
They're everywher
producers
decomposers
drugs/chemicals
recyclers
damage
understand higher forms of life
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59
Q

Which scientists contributed the most to the development of the growth media and pure culture techniques we used in class?

A

Koch

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60
Q

i. demonstrated thatif dust removed from the air, bacteria don’t grow
ii. demonstrated the presence of heat resistant forms of some microbes
iii. Developed Tyndallization, intermitten boiling that eliminates what we now know to be the endospores that caused Pasteur to have inconsistent results
iv. Explaiining Pasteur’s results (which were sprouting endospores) end belief in spontaneous generation.

A

i. John Tyndall England 1859

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61
Q

i. No sterols in membrane
ii. Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
1. phospholipids contain unbranched lipids/fatty acids.
iii. Functions
1. Providing site for energy reactions
2. Nutrient processing
3. syntehsis
4. Passage of nutrients into cell, discharge of wasts
5. Selectively permeable

A

Bacteria Cell Membrane

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62
Q

When you’ve finished applying stain, what colorshould the endospore be?

A

Green

vegetative will be pink.

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63
Q
  1. no infectious

2. but responsible for the O2 explosion. booyah.

A

Cyanobacteria

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64
Q

i. Genome Analysis
ii. Serology
iii. Phage Typing (virus)

A

Molecular techniques to classify bacteria

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65
Q

Why do you steam your slide while applying the stain?

A

To make the stain penetrate the spore coat

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66
Q

these dyes are cationic, with positively charged chromophores

A

Basic dyes

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67
Q

i. are extra-chromosomal DNA; 1-20 exist per cell
ii. They are transferrable
iii. only in Bacteria and Archaea
iv. None of the genes are required are essential to survival; but are bonuses.

A

`Plasmid

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68
Q

Coat is made of keratin and spore specific proteins makes acid/radiation/chemical/disinfectants/dyes/antibiotics difficult to penetrate

A

Endospores

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69
Q
  1. nucleoid
  2. ~4k genes
  3. Bacteria - no histones
  4. Archaea - histone-like
A

Prokarya

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70
Q

We make smears to

A

prepare bacteria for staining and to spread out bacteria

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71
Q

i. high toxicity index
ii. need pick line to adimnistrate
iii. only used topically
narrow G+
cell wall

A

Vancomycin

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72
Q

rods in pairs

A

diplobacilli

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73
Q

Heat fixing a smear

A

helps bacteria absorb the stain
kills the bacteria
helps the bacteria stick to the slide

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74
Q

Who lended support for the connection between microbes and disease by establishing a set of postulates to confirm the development of a specific disease by a specific microbe?

A

Robert Koch

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75
Q

i. improve definition
ii. negative stains background
iii. positive stains bacteria itself

A

staining

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76
Q

Heat-dried

A

Capsule stain

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77
Q

i. Boiled the broth longer, sealed the flask, nobacteria grew.
ii. argued that he destroyed the “vegetative force” of the broth and degraded the small amount of air that was there.
iii. Gravy boiled + lid –> w/o lid? bacteria growth. w/lid? no growth.

A

g. Lazzaro Spallanzani 1765 Italian

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78
Q

i. narrow for G+
ii. downside: allergies
Cell wall

A

methicilin

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79
Q

(Toxicity to the host)/(Toxicity to the microbe)

A

=Toxicity index (want low)

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80
Q
  1. Take one of heat fixed smears and place it on screen over steaming water
  2. Put small piece of paper towel on top of the smear and add enough malachite green to saturate the paper.
    a. malachite green primary stain
  3. Steam for 5 minutes while keeping the paper moist with additional stain as needed.
    a. since spores resistant to staining.
  4. To avoid stain get on bottom of slide, hold slide with clothespin over steam rather than let the slide sit there.
  5. remove slide from screen and let it cool; rinse with distilled water for 30 seconds.
  6. Place the slide on staining rack and counterstain with sfranin for 20 seconds
    a. This is the counterstain that stains the vegetative cells.
  7. Rinse the slide and blot dry.
    a. Endospores should be green; vegetative cells should be red/pink.
A

Endospore Stain

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81
Q

i. Survive
ii. Withstands extremes in heat, drying, freezing, radiation, chemical
iii. NOT a means of reproduction

A

Endospores

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82
Q

How many periplasmic spaces?

A

G+ 1

G- 2

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83
Q

Cells in domain have membrane bound organelles

A

E

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84
Q

i. Bacteria - Streptomyces and Bacillus

ii. Molds - Penicillium and Cephalosporium

A

Source of Antibiotics

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85
Q

The advantage of a negative stain is

A

There is very little cell shrinkage

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86
Q

chains

A

strpt

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87
Q

single flagellum at one end
small bunches emerging from the same site
flagella at both ends of the cell
flagella dispersed all over the cell

A 
monotrichous
lophotrichous
amphitrichous
peritrichous
Flagellar Arrangements
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88
Q

Aplastic anemia - loss of red bonoe marrow w/LT use
Broad
Aminoglycosides
70s riboosomes

A

Chloramphenicol

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89
Q

packets

A

cubical packets

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90
Q

Discovery of endospores

A

Cohn

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91
Q

capsule stain is

A

combination of negative and simple stain

differential stain

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92
Q

Proponent for and lended support for Spontaneous Generation

A

John Needham

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93
Q

Branched apart ~1.5 bya

A

eukarya from archaea

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94
Q

one

A

singular

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95
Q

Which demonstrated that maggots did not spontaneously generate from something non-living (meat in the case)?

A

Francesco Redi

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96
Q

d. Germination - return to vegetative growth

A

Endospores

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97
Q

v. dipicolinic acid and calcium ions displace water; make spore extremely heat resistant

A

Endospores

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98
Q

i. Refuted spontaneous generation of macroscopic organisms
ii. demonstrated maggots don’t generate from meat.
iii. Meat with gauze had no maggots; meat open had maggots hatching into flies.

A

Francesco Redi Italian mid 1600’s

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99
Q

Think Graceful Peptidoglycan layer

A

Gracillicutes

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100
Q
  1. Schwann: all animal tissues composed of cells
  2. Schleiden: All plant tissues composed of cells
  3. Virchow: All cells only arise from pre-existing cells
A

Cell theory

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101
Q

cells can have glycocalyx

A

A B E

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102
Q

Which cell wall has outer membrane?

A

G-

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103
Q

which bacteria shapes are always solitary

A

vibrio, spirillum, spirochete

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104
Q

i. Poor absorption in GI
1. Needs to be injected
Broad
cell wall

A

Cephalosporins

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105
Q

i. Phospholipids contain backwards glycerol, and no fatty acids - isoprene chain - helps them to resist heat.

A

Archaea Cell Membrane

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106
Q

i. Connected infection with microbes - Savior of the Mothers
ii. Failed to convince doctors to wash their hands.
iii. Pioneer of Antiseptic procedures

A

k. Philipp Semmelweis (1840’s)

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107
Q

i. Disadvantages: not selective
ii. only used topically
iii. neosporin
Narrow G-
cell membrane

A

Polymyxin

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108
Q

attacks both microbe and host

A

Non-Selective

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109
Q

Looks for glycocalyx in forms of capsule - a protective covering sometimes used for attachment and nutrient reserve

A

Capsule Stain

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110
Q

Which first showed that fermentation by microbes could result in food spoilage, while also proposing and lending much support to the Germ Theory of Disease?

A

Pasteur and Koch

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111
Q

what is being “stained” with negative stain

A

background

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112
Q

a. Vectors
i. dog ticks
b. Reservoirs
i. dog ticks
ii. rodents normal; humans accidental
c. Transmissions
i. inoculation on accident (rats normal; humans accident)
d. Symptoms
i. Bites have 3-12 day incubation period; Sx flu-like rash; shock
ii. Mortality ~20% in untreated

A
  1. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii) - 1/2 in southeast U.S.
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113
Q

i. Nutrition and physical environment
1. body temperature?
ii. Growth Characteristics
1. Color, Texture
iii. Metabolism
1. H2S - anaerobe
2. aerobic?
iv. Staining
1. G staining
2. capsule
3. endospore
v. Cell Morphology
1. Cell shape
2. arrangement
3. flagella?

A

Diagnostic techniques to classify bacteria

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114
Q
  1. have protein, glycoprotein, and polysaccharide
  2. NO peptidoglycan
  3. S layer - outer protein lattice that gives strength to the cell wall in extreme environments
A

Archaea

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115
Q

a. Vectors
i. human
b. Reservoirs
i. human
c. Transmissions
i. direct contact (mucous membranes/placenta) by human vectors (carriers); sexually transmitted
d. Symptoms
i. Primary
1. chancre/ulcer
2. Highly contagious
ii. Secondary
1. circulation/flu/rash palms and soles
iii. Latency
1. 8+ years
iv. Tertiary damage
1. Gummas 20 years
2. 80% death
3. 20% neurological
e. Polymorphism
i. hides from immune system by antigenic variation; covers self with host molecules

A

Gracilicutes
Spirochete
Treponema Pallidum - Syphilis

116
Q

Determined that microbes in dust and air were resistant to boiling and came up with the technique of intermittent boiling to eliminate what was later to be confirmed to be endospores?

A

John Tyndall

117
Q

i. bad internally (neosporin)
ii. only used topically
cell wall
narrow G+

A

Bacitracin

118
Q

iv. tough endospore coat of keratin makes it resistant to chemicals and radiation

A

Endospore

119
Q

chains

A

strept

120
Q

surfaces of microbes are negatively charged and attract basic dyes

A

Positive staining

121
Q
  1. thick peptidoglycan retains stains such as crystal violet
  2. 50% of wall has teichoic acids that provides integrity to cell wall; act as pores to admit ions to cell interior
  3. one periplasmic space
A

G+ cell walls

122
Q

stains bacteria itself

A

positive stain

123
Q

one dye is used; reveals shape, size and arrangement (Methylene Blue in class)

A

Simple Stain

124
Q

What makes an endospore resistant to heat?

A

Dipicolinic acid and high calcium ion concentrations

125
Q

inert, resting cells produced by G+ Clostridium, Bacillus (the two that cause disease)

A

Endospores

126
Q
  1. alternating NAM and NAD sugars with cross peptide bonds
  2. separated from cell membrane by periplasmic space that contains digestive enzymes
  3. Only in bacteria
A

peptidoglycan

127
Q

Flagella has flagellin, powered by ATP

A

Archaea

128
Q

i. found in tears, saliva, intestinal secretion

ii. Digests peptidoglycan in G+ cell wall

A

Lysozyme

129
Q

Sizes of bacteria

A

1 um to 200 nm -ish

130
Q

rods

A

bacillus

131
Q

Heat Fixed

A

Positive Stain

132
Q
  1. Free swimming cells settle on the surface and remain there
  2. Cells synthesize sticky matrix that holds them tightly to the substrate
  3. When biofilm grows to certain density (quorum), the cells release inducer molecules that can coordinate a response.
  4. Enlargement of one cell to show genetic induction, inducer molecule stimulates expression of a particular gene and synthesis of a protein product such as digestive enzymes or toxins.
  5. Cells secrete their enzymes in unison to digest food particles; survive
A

Biofilm synthesis

133
Q

spherical

A

Coccus

134
Q

Air dried

A

Negative Stain

135
Q
  1. pairs of linear chromosomes
  2. histones
  3. nucleus
A

Eukarya

136
Q

i. Negative stain + gentle heat fix + adding crystal violet –> differential stain
ii. uses ink to smear/colorb ackground + stain to color the background itself.
iii. Differentiates the capsule from rest of cell

A

Capsule stain = negative + simple positive stain

137
Q

unique cell membrane with either lipids and a backwards glycerol

A

A

138
Q
  1. protect cells from dehydration
  2. nutrient source
  3. allows for attachment to surfaces (biofilms)
  4. inhibits killing by white blood cells by phagocytosis, contributing to pathogenicity
  5. considered a virulence factor (plays a role in causing diseases)
A

Glycocalyx

139
Q

cells have cell wall that includes outer membrane composed partly of lipopolysaccharide

A

B

140
Q

i. the idea that living things can only arise from other living things

A

Biogenesis

141
Q

i. Provides contrast between the specimen and its background
ii. Depends on lens quality
iii. Improved with certain magnification and staining

A

Definition

142
Q

preparing a smear for a negative stain involves

A

air drying the smear

143
Q

Appendange
Rigid tubular strucutre made of pilin protein
iii. Function
1. Join _ cells for DNA transfer called conjugation]

A

B, G-

144
Q

Which cell type has lipopolysaccharides?

A

G-

145
Q

i. supported spontaneous generation
ii. assumed boiling kills everything
iii. when boiled mutton brother produced large quantities of bacteria he concluded that they spontaneously generated from the broth
iv. also left the lid open for awhile.

A

f. John Needham 1748 England

146
Q

i. Used whenever you are transferring bacteria from solid media.

A

Inoculating Needle

147
Q

Antibodies

A

Serological Analysis

148
Q

Lyme Disease

A
  1. Barrelia Burgdorferi
149
Q

The most important stain

A

Gram

150
Q

i. early belief that some forms of life could arise from vita forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter (flies from manure)

A

a. Spontaneous Generation

151
Q

i. Disadvantage - targets 80s?
ii. Kids have permanent discolor teeth, slow growth, liver damage
Broad
Both ribosomes

A

Tetracycline

152
Q

i. Used swan-necked flask to demonstrate the dust is associated with microbes in the air
ii. 1861 paper tried to persuade readers that mcirobes do not spontaneously generate
iii. still had some results that were contrary to the idea.
iv. Developed pasteurization
v. Demonstrated what is now known as the Germ Theory of Disease

A

h. Louis Pasteur, 1859 Frenchman

153
Q

a. Vectors
i. body lice
b. Reservoirs
i. humans
c. Transmissions
i. inoculation + feces –> human skin –> no soap or water –> scratch the microbe into skin –> flu-like symptoms + rash
ii. Reactivation with stress or weakened immuine system
d. Symptoms
i. flu-like + rash

A
  1. Rickettsia Prowazekii - Typhus - Worse
154
Q

groups of 4 spheres

A

tetrads

155
Q

drugs attack something om microbial cells thatwouldn’t be present on host tissues

A

Selective

156
Q
  1. NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN
  2. Cell wall has protein, glycoprotein, and polysaccharide
  3. S layer - an outer protein lattice that gives strength to the cell wall in extreme environments
A

Archaea Cell wall

157
Q
  1. primary atypical pneumoniae
  2. pathogen slowly spreads over interior respiratory surfaces,
    a. fever
    b. chest pain
    c. sore throat
A

i. mycloplasma pneumoniae

158
Q

Where are endospores typically found?

A

in soil

159
Q

Which two stains are used for a capsule stain?

A

simple and negative

160
Q
  1. Apply crystal violet for 1 minute
    a. primary stain = crystal violet
  2. Wash off stain with distilled water
  3. Apply Gram’s iodine for 1 minute
    a. iodine = mordant = combiens with primary stain to form insoluble crystalline compound. crystals get trapped in thick peptidoglycan but fail to be so where it is thin.
  4. Wash off iodine with distilled water
  5. Apply 95% alcohol, drop by drop until alcohol runs clear (no more than 3-4)
    a. crystal violet is washed out of cells with thin peptidoglycan; destroys outer membrane of gram negatives.
  6. Wash off the alcohol with distilled water
  7. Apply safranin for 20 seconds.
    a. safranin is the counterstain.
  8. Wash off the stain with distilled water.
  9. Blot dry with bibulous paper
A

Gram Stain

161
Q

stains the background

A

negative

162
Q

Cells in this domain wrap DNA around histones

A

E

163
Q

i. NO CELL WALL

A

Tenericutes

164
Q

i. Allowed heated air to enter abroth filled flask through a coiled tube
ii. Broth stayed clear, he concluded that microbes can not spontaneously generate from broth.
iii. Opponents claimed he killed the “vegetative force” in the air by heating it.
iv. Air inlet - flame heated air - previously sterilized infusions remain sterile.

A

Schultze & Schwann, 1839

165
Q

i. Ribosomal RNA analysis

ii. protein analysis

A

g. Genetics and molecular analysis

166
Q

flagella on inside

A

spirochete

167
Q

bacteria spread out in water, then air dried

A

Positive Stain

168
Q

3 parts
filament
hook
basal body

A

flagella components

169
Q

i. Contain negatively charged chromophores; typically stain proteins
ii. waxy mycolic acid of wall of bacteria make it difficult to stain with usual dyes, but steaming acilitates the stain entertaining the cell wall.
iii. Typically include cells of genus Mycobacterium
iv. “Acid fast” means that once the stain has entered, subsequent washing with acid-alcohol won’t remove the stain.

A

Acid Fast Stain

170
Q
  1. Place heat dried smear in staining rack resting over sink
  2. Flood smear with enough crystal violet to cover for 1 minute
  3. Rinse with distilled water
  4. Blot slide within pages of your bibulous paper tablet
  5. Oil immersion.
A

Capsule Stain

171
Q

a. Natural
b. Selective - should only attack something on microbial cells that wouldn’t be present on the host tissues (peptidoglycan, porin molecules, etc.)
c. Produced by aerobic bacteria and molds
i. Bacteria - Streptomyces and Bacillus
ii. Molds - Penicillium and Cephalosporium
d. low concentrations - communication molecules
i. like inducers
e. high concentrations - kills/inhibits microbes
i. To lower competition for nutrients and space
f. Target bacteria

A

Characteristics of Antibiotics

172
Q
  1. Plants
  2. Animals
  3. Fungi
  4. Protisa
A

Kingdom of Eukarya domain

173
Q

Cells have 80s ribosomes

A

E

174
Q

i. One stain used-Typically a single positively charged stain+smear is good (methylene blue is good)
ii. give information about shape/arrangement of bacteria
iii. heat fix smear
iv. chromophores

A

Simple stain

175
Q

i. shape,
ii. appearance,
iii. flagella

A

Microscopic morphology

176
Q

i. Contributed the most to the development of pure culture techniques
ii. Was the first to offer convincing proof that microbes were associated with disease
iii. Developed Koch’s Postulates, a method foas associating a particular organism with a particular disease. (ahtrax, cholera, tb)
iv. Developed pure culture methods

A

j. Robert Koch, Germany 1870’s

177
Q
  1. Chlamydia Trachomatis
    i. Trachoma
  2. attacks mucous membrane of eyes, genitourinary tract, and lungs
  3. Ocular trachoma - severe infection, deforms eyelid and cornea, preveted by prophylaxis
  4. Inclusion conjuncitivitis - occurs as baby passes through birth canal
    ii. STD - second most prevalent STD; urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis (PID), infertiligy, scarring
A

Chlamydia Trachomatis

178
Q

E coli belongs to hich domain

A

B

179
Q

Cells often use undulipodia to move from place to place

A

E

180
Q

Gram stain
acid fast stain
endospore stain
capsule stain

are examples of ____ stain

A

Differential Stain

181
Q

a. detected; contains lipid A endotoxin

b. has porins controls entrance of nutrients and antibiotics (which are too big to pass through pores)

A

G- outer membrane

182
Q

Interior has high concentrations of calcium and dipicolinic acid which makes _ heat resistant by displacing water and making dehydrated _ non metabolic

A

Endospores

183
Q

i. Aseptic Technique to prevent contamination.

ii. To transfer bacteria from broth culture to an agar surface - whenever you’re transferring a liquid

A

Inoculating Loop

184
Q

usually have cell walls of petidoglycan

A

B

185
Q

little shrinkage and bacterial shape/size can be more reliably interpreted.

A

benefits of air-dry

186
Q

irregular clusters

A

staph

187
Q
  1. G- human pathogens
  2. Endoflagellum
  3. Flexible
  4. Hides since flagellin inside
A

Spirochete

Gracilicutes

188
Q

for smears prepared with positive stains, used to make a target circle on the bottom of the glass slide.

A

Wax Pencil

189
Q

A Gram stain differentiates between the bacteria because of differences in bacterial

A

cell walls

190
Q

i. Discovered endospores

ii. Resulted in final overthrow of Spontaneous Generation

A

m. Ferdinand Cohn, 1876

191
Q

Most of cells in this domain use plasmids to exchance DNA

A

B+A

euk only yeast

192
Q

Branched apart 3.5 bya

A

prokaryotes

193
Q

to dilute bacteria so you can isolate into pure culture where each colony comes from one bacteria that is isolated.

A

Quadrant Streak Plate

194
Q

When do vegetative cells produce endospores?

A

When nutrients become depleted

195
Q
  1. Pasteur and Koch were leading contributors
  2. The belief that many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes int he body, not by sins, bad character, or poverty.
A

germ theory of disease

196
Q

which scientist boiled and seaked flask of broth failed to grow microbes, yet failed to still generate support for B.G. since vegtative force couldn’t get into the flask?

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

197
Q

preparing a smear for positive stain involves

A

air drying AND heat fixing the smear

198
Q

effective on a small range of microbes

i. Target specific cell component that is found only in certain microbes

A

Narrow Spectrum

199
Q
  1. nigrosine toward one end; transfer small amount to ink and mix; smear with second slide
A

air dry for (-) stain

heat dry gently if capsule

200
Q

What does mordant do?

A

combines with crystal violet to form crystalline structure

201
Q
  1. Gram negative have thin peptidoglycan surrounded by outer membrane with phospholipids and lipopolysaccharide RED/PINK
  2. Gram positive has thick layer of peptidoglycan and no outer membrane. PURPLE
A

Gram Stain

202
Q
  • Cellulose in cell wall
  • Chitin in cell wall
  • Nucleus for genome
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
  • Undulipodia
A

Eukarya ONLY

203
Q
  • Cell type (prokaryotic, prokaryotic, eukaryotic)
  • Glycocalyx (only in fungi/plants)
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membranes
  • Genome
  • Chromosomes
  • Ribosome (70s/70s/80s)
  • Extra-chromosomal DNA (only yeast)
A

All Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

204
Q

• Histone –like molecules

A

Archaea and Eukarya ONLY

205
Q
  • Proteins in cell wall
  • Nucleoid
  • Flagella
A

Bacteria and Archaea ONLY

206
Q
  • Peptidoglycan in the cell wall
  • Outer membrane over the cell wall
  • Pili
  • Fimbriae
  • Endospores
A

Bacteria ONLY

207
Q

Methicilin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: allergies (cilin)

208
Q

Amphotericin B

Think Athlete’s foot, jock itch…

A

Mode of Action: cell membrane (not selective)
Spectrum: Narrow to fungus
Disadvantages: Bad Internally

209
Q

Vancomycin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: High toxicity index; hard to administer; only used topically; LAST RESORT

210
Q

Streptomycin

A

Mode of Action: 70s ribosomes
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages:

211
Q

Cephalosporin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall inhibitor
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages: Poor Absorption GI, must be injected

212
Q

Polymyxin

A

Mode of Action: cell membrane
Spectrum: Narrow G-
Disadvantages: not selective; only used topically; kidney/brain damage

213
Q

Erythromycin

A

Mode of Action: 70s ribosomes
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: GI upset

214
Q

Tetracycline

A

Mode of Action: Ribosomes (70s and 80s)
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-/Eukaryotic fungal
Disadvantages: 80s target, too, kids get permanent discolored teeth, slow growth, liver damage.

215
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Mode of Action: 70s ribosomes
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages: Aplastic Anemia (attacks RB marrow if taken long term)

216
Q

Bacitracin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall (blocks synthesis of peptidoglycan)
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: bad to ingest internally (neosporin)

217
Q

Ampicillin (semi-synthetic, similar to Amoxicilin)

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages: allergies; resistant strains of bacteria; hard to absorb –> less effective

218
Q

Penicillin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Narrow to G+ and syphyllis
Disadvantages: allergies

219
Q

Methicilin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: allergies (cilin)

220
Q

Amphotericin B

Think Athlete’s foot, jock itch…

A

Mode of Action: cell membrane (not selective)
Spectrum: Narrow to fungus
Disadvantages: Bad Internally

221
Q

Vancomycin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: High toxicity index; hard to administer; only used topically; LAST RESORT

222
Q

Streptomycin

A

Mode of Action: 70s ribosomes
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages:

223
Q

Cephalosporin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall inhibitor
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages: Poor Absorption GI, must be injected

224
Q

Polymyxin

A

Mode of Action: cell membrane
Spectrum: Narrow G-
Disadvantages: not selective; only used topically; kidney/brain damage

225
Q

Erythromycin

A

Mode of Action: 70s ribosomes
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: GI upset

226
Q

Tetracycline

A

Mode of Action: Ribosomes (70s and 80s)
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-/Eukaryotic fungal
Disadvantages: 80s target, too, kids get permanent discolored teeth, slow growth, liver damage.

227
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Mode of Action: 70s ribosomes
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages: Aplastic Anemia (attacks RB marrow if taken long term)

228
Q

Bacitracin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall (blocks synthesis of peptidoglycan)
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: bad to ingest internally (neosporin)

229
Q

Ampicillin (semi-synthetic, similar to Amoxicilin)

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages: allergies; resistant strains of bacteria; hard to absorb –> less effective

230
Q

Penicillin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Narrow to G+ and syphyllis
Disadvantages: allergies

231
Q

Undulipodia?

A

B: No
A: No
E: Yes cili/flagella like

232
Q

Pili

A

B: only Gram negative
A: WDK
E; No

233
Q

Do they have chloroplast?

A

B: no
A: no (but B and A have proteins in cell membrane)
E: Yes (plants/algae)

234
Q

Can their cell walls have peptidoglycan?

A

B: Yes
A: no
E: no

235
Q

Do they have a nucleoid?

A

B: Yes
A: Yes
E: No

236
Q

Do they have chromosomes?

A

B: Yes, single/circular
A: Yes, single/circular
E: Yes, linear pairs

237
Q

Can their cell walls have chitin?

A

B: no
A; no
E: yes

238
Q

Can their cell walls have outer membrane?

A

B: Yes, Gram Negative only
A: no
E: no

239
Q

What cell type?

A

Bacteria: Prokaryotic
Archaea: Prokaryotic
Eukarya: Eukaryotic

240
Q

Ribosome: 70s or 80s?

A

B: 70s
A: 70s
E: 80s

241
Q

Flagella?

A

B: Yes
A: Yes
E: No

242
Q

Endospores?

A

B: Yes G+
A: WDK
E: No (have things like it but are not endospores)

243
Q

Do they have a nucleus?

A

B: No
A: No
E: Yes

244
Q

Can they have extra chromosomal DNA?

A

B: Yes
A: Yes
E: Only Yeast

245
Q

Can their cell walls have protein?

A

B:Yes
A: Yes
E: n/a

246
Q

Can they have histones?

A

B: No
A: Sort of
E: Yes

247
Q

Do they possess a genome?

A

B: Yes
A: Yes
E: Yes

248
Q

Fimbriae

A

B: Yes G+ and G-
A: WDK
E: no

249
Q

Do they have mitochondria?

A

B: No
A: No (but B and A have membrane protein, un-membraned, that can)
E: Yes

250
Q

Can their cells walls have cellulose?

A

B: no
A: no
E; yes

251
Q

Can they have cell wall?

A

B: Yes
A: Yes
E: Only Plants and Fungi

252
Q

Can they have glycocalyx?

A

B: Yes
A: Yes
E: Only in fungi

253
Q

Methicilin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: allergies (cilin)

254
Q

Amphotericin B

Think Athlete’s foot, jock itch…

A

Mode of Action: cell membrane (not selective)
Spectrum: Narrow to fungus
Disadvantages: Bad Internally

255
Q

Vancomycin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: High toxicity index; hard to administer; only used topically; LAST RESORT

256
Q

Streptomycin

A

Mode of Action: 70s ribosomes
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages:

257
Q

Cephalosporin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall inhibitor
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages: Poor Absorption GI, must be injected

258
Q

Polymyxin

A

Mode of Action: cell membrane
Spectrum: Narrow G-
Disadvantages: not selective; only used topically; kidney/brain damage

259
Q

Erythromycin

A

Mode of Action: 70s ribosomes
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: GI upset

260
Q

Tetracycline

A

Mode of Action: Ribosomes (70s and 80s)
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-/Eukaryotic fungal
Disadvantages: 80s target, too, kids get permanent discolored teeth, slow growth, liver damage.

261
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Mode of Action: 70s ribosomes
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages: Aplastic Anemia (attacks RB marrow if taken long term)

262
Q

Bacitracin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall (blocks synthesis of peptidoglycan)
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: bad to ingest internally (neosporin)

263
Q

Ampicillin (semi-synthetic, similar to Amoxicilin)

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages: allergies; resistant strains of bacteria; hard to absorb –> less effective

264
Q

Penicillin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Narrow to G+ and syphyllis
Disadvantages: allergies

265
Q

Methicilin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: allergies (cilin)

266
Q

Amphotericin B

Think Athlete’s foot, jock itch…

A

Mode of Action: cell membrane (not selective)
Spectrum: Narrow to fungus
Disadvantages: Bad Internally

267
Q

Vancomycin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: High toxicity index; hard to administer; only used topically; LAST RESORT

268
Q

Streptomycin

A

Mode of Action: 70s ribosomes
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages:

269
Q

Cephalosporin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall inhibitor
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages: Poor Absorption GI, must be injected

270
Q

Polymyxin

A

Mode of Action: cell membrane
Spectrum: Narrow G-
Disadvantages: not selective; only used topically; kidney/brain damage

271
Q

Erythromycin

A

Mode of Action: 70s ribosomes
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: GI upset

272
Q

Tetracycline

A

Mode of Action: Ribosomes (70s and 80s)
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-/Eukaryotic fungal
Disadvantages: 80s target, too, kids get permanent discolored teeth, slow growth, liver damage.

273
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Mode of Action: 70s ribosomes
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages: Aplastic Anemia (attacks RB marrow if taken long term)

274
Q

Bacitracin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall (blocks synthesis of peptidoglycan)
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: bad to ingest internally (neosporin)

275
Q

Ampicillin (semi-synthetic, similar to Amoxicilin)

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages: allergies; resistant strains of bacteria; hard to absorb –> less effective

276
Q

Penicillin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Narrow to G+ and syphyllis
Disadvantages: allergies

277
Q

Methicilin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: allergies (cilin)

278
Q

Amphotericin B

Think Athlete’s foot, jock itch…

A

Mode of Action: cell membrane (not selective)
Spectrum: Narrow to fungus
Disadvantages: Bad Internally

279
Q

Vancomycin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: High toxicity index; hard to administer; only used topically; LAST RESORT

280
Q

Streptomycin

A

Mode of Action: 70s ribosomes
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages:

281
Q

Cephalosporin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall inhibitor
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages: Poor Absorption GI, must be injected

282
Q

Polymyxin

A

Mode of Action: cell membrane
Spectrum: Narrow G-
Disadvantages: not selective; only used topically; kidney/brain damage

283
Q

Erythromycin

A

Mode of Action: 70s ribosomes
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: GI upset

284
Q

Tetracycline

A

Mode of Action: Ribosomes (70s and 80s)
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-/Eukaryotic fungal
Disadvantages: 80s target, too, kids get permanent discolored teeth, slow growth, liver damage.

285
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Mode of Action: 70s ribosomes
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages: Aplastic Anemia (attacks RB marrow if taken long term)

286
Q

Bacitracin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall (blocks synthesis of peptidoglycan)
Spectrum: Narrow G+
Disadvantages: bad to ingest internally (neosporin)

287
Q

Ampicillin (semi-synthetic, similar to Amoxicilin)

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Broad G+/G-
Disadvantages: allergies; resistant strains of bacteria; hard to absorb –> less effective

288
Q

Penicillin

A

Mode of Action: cell wall
Spectrum: Narrow to G+ and syphyllis
Disadvantages: allergies

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