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STSN > Exam2 > Flashcards

Exam2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

Refers to chronic elevations in fasting blood concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol or specific Sub-fraction of each

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2
Q

Dyslipidemia

A

A combination of genetic, environmental and pathological factors that can work together to abnormally alter blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations

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3
Q

Metabolic syndrome

Signs and symptoms

A 
Elevated glucose
Hypertension 
Elevated triglycerides 
Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level
Abnormal obesity
Microalbuminuria
Hyperuricemia
Fatty liver disease
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4
Q

Metabolic syndrome

Risk factors

A 
Elevated waist circumference 
Elevated triglycerides 
Reduced HDL cholesterol 
Elevated blood pressure 
Elevated fasting glucose
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5
Q

Exercise prescription for dyslipidemia

A

Cardio: 150-300 weekly minutes of moderate intensity or 75-150 of vigorous

Muscle strength: 8-10 exercise with 8-15 reps per exercise

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6
Q

Acute coronary syndromes (ACS)

Include

A

Unstable angina pectoris
Acute myocardial infarction
Potentially Sudden cardiac death

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7
Q

Unstable angina

A

Transient vessel occlusion<10 min

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8
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Vessel occlusion >60 min, resulting in necrosis of myocardial tissue

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9
Q

Primary cause for atherosclerosis

A 
Obesity
Tobacco use
Dyslipidemia 
Hypertension
Sedentary lifestyle 
Diabetes mellitus
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10
Q

Pathophysiology (atherogenesis)

A 
Endothelial injury
Inflammation response
Platelet aggregation, growth factor and vasoconstriction 
Monocytes accumulation
LDL-C accumulation and oxidation
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11
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

An active process involving molecular signals that produce altered cellular behaviors as well as endothelial dysfunction and subsequent inflammatory response and lipid deposition

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12
Q

Physical examination considerations for ACS

A 
Systolic hypertension 
Diaphoresis
Sinus tachycardia 
Tachypnea
New murmur of mitral regurgitation
Third and forth heart sounds
Pulmonary tales

Electrocardiogram
Chest radiograph
Laboratory results

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13
Q

Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction

A

Chest pain persisting >40mins

ECG showing ST- segment or T- wave changes

Presence of biomarkers of myocyte necrosis

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14
Q

Classification of myocardial infarction

A

ST- segment elevation

Non-ST-segment elevation

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15
Q

ACS exercise prescription

A

Frequency: 4-7 days a week
Consider multiple sessions daily if low exercise capacity

Intensity: RPE 11-16
40-80% HRR
+20 beats/min below ischemic threshold

Duration: starting with 5-10 min
Goal=20-60 min
Gradual increase of 1-5 min per session

Type: aerobic: large muscle groups
Indoor and outdoor options

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16
Q

ACS resistance training

A 
RPE 11-14
Initial resistance should allow 12-15 reps
60-80% 1RM
8-10 different exercises
2-3 sessions per week
17
Q

ACS aerobic interval training

A

Following at least 2weeks of standard continuous aerobic training

Begin with 30s intervals

Increase to 60-120s or longer

2-3 days per week

18
Q

Revascularization of the heart

A

Clinical procedure to restore myocardial blood flow with specific intent of symptom relief and improved morbidly and mortality

Coronary artery bypass surgery
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Stent therapy

19
Q

Coronary artery bypass surgery

A

Revascularization by use of a venous graft from an arm or leg or an arterial graft

20
Q

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

A

Ballon dilation in conjunction with stent therapy

21
Q

Revascularization exercise prescription

A 
Improve cardiac performance 
Improve exercise capacity 
Greater total work performed 
Improve angina- free exercise tolerance 
Improve neuromuscular tone
22
Q

Exercise considerations for bypass surgery

A

State of incisional healing and stern always stability, hypovolemia and low hemoglobin concentration

23
Q

Exercise considerations for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

A

Primary concern is restenosis

24
Q

Chronic heart failure

A

The inability of the left ventricle to pump blood at a level that is commensurate with metabolic needs; can be due to a failure of either systolic or diastolic function.

Systolic dysfunction: the inability of cardiac myofibrils to contract or shorten against load

Diastolic dysfunction: an abnormal increase in resistance to filling the LV

25
Q

CHF signs and symptoms

A

Change in fatigue level or dyspnea
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Orthopnea
Dyspnea on exertion fluid retention

26
Q

CHF exercise prescription

A

Cardio respiratory training: activities that enlarge large muscle groups i.e. Stationary buckets

Frequency: 4-5 times per week

Intensity: 50-80%

Duration: 30-60 min

27
Q

CHF aerobic prescription

A

Intensity: 60-80% of HRR

Frequency: 4-5 times per week

Duration: 40min or more per session

28
Q

CHF resistance prescription

A

Intensity: 40% of 1RM upper body, 50% lower body

Frequency: 1-2 times per week

Duration: 1 set of 12-15 reps per muscle group

29
Q

Peripheral artery disease (PAD)

A

Refers tos the blockage of the leg arteries by plaque leading to gradual narrowing of the arteries in lower extremities. The resulting stenoses or occasions lead to a decrease blood flow to the muscle of the leg

Intermittent claducation
Pain in thigh butt and calf

30
Q

PAD risk factors

A 
Smoking
Diabetes
Hypertension 
Hypercholesterolemia
High triglyceride level
High leukocyte count
High homocysteine and fibrinogen levels
Increased blood viscosity 
Elevated C-reactive protein

Supervised exercise is common

31
Q

Pacemaker

A

85% of individuals are >65 years old

Are used to restore an optimal HR and synchronize atrial and ventricular filling and contraction in the setting of abnormal rhythms.

32
Q

Sick sinus syndrome (sss)

A

Inability to generate a heartbeat or increase the heart rate in response to the bodies changing circulation demands

Symptoms: fatigue, light headedness, exercise intolerance, syncope

33
Q

Types of pacemakers

A

Rate-responsive: increase and decrease HR

Single- chambered: have only one lead placed on right atrium or ventricle

Dual-chambered: two leads one on atrium and one ventricle

Cardiac resynchronization therapy: three leads atrium, ventricle and sinus

34
Q

Pacemaker exercise prescription

A

Frequency: 5 times per week for moderate exercise(<60%). 3-5 time per week for 60-85%

Intensity: 40-80%

Duration: 20-60min

35
Q

COPD risk factors

A

Cigarette smokers

Family history of lung disease

Childhood asthma,viral infections allergies

Women more than men

Genetic factors

36
Q

COPD

A

Progressive and persistent airflow limitation that is usually associated with chronic inflammation of the airways. Non uniform narrowing of the airways.

37
Q

COPD and exercise

A

Gas exchange abnormalities at rest that become worse with exercise:

Ventilation-profusion imbalance
Loss of lung parenchyma
Alveolar hypoventilation
Increased dead space

38
Q

Moderate exercise testing for patients with lung disease

A 
Stair climbing 
Timed walk test (6-12 min)
Shuttle walk test
Graded exercise tests
Cardiopulmonary exercise test

STSN (1 decks)

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