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CogNeuro > Exam3 > Flashcards

Exam3 Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered the cocktail effect?

A

Cherry 1953

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2
Q

How is the cocktail effect tested in the lab?

A

Dichotic listening task

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3
Q

What is early selection?

A

Stimuli are selected before being processed, based on a “gating mechanism” or filter Broadbent 1958. NOT actually true because we know through the dichotic listening task thay people do process unattended info at a high level.

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4
Q

What is late selection?

A

All stimuli processed in detail, then some selected after. Could also be a gradient of attention (Treisman, 1969).

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5
Q

Do the late selection models discount early selection?

A

No, they just inroduce the ability of the late after.

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6
Q

What are the 2 classes of attention that modern science uses today?

A

Voluntary attention

Reflexive attention

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7
Q

What is voluntary attention?

A

The ability to purposefully attend to something, “top-down”.

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8
Q

What is reflexive attention?

A

When a salient stimuli captures attention, or “bottom-up”.

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9
Q

What’s the evidence for early selection with voluntary auditory attention?

A

Measuring ERPs shows that attending to sounds enhances N1 component

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10
Q

What evidence is there for early selection with voluntary visual attention?

A

Participants are told to keep there eyes in a central location while paying attention to the peripheral, and this changes activation in the occupital P1 area, and early part of visual processing.

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11
Q

What fMRI evidence is there for early selection?

A

Effects in the lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus) provides support for early selection.

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12
Q

Do visual features motion, color, faces and houses have fMRI evidence for early selection?

A

Fuck yeah

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13
Q

How can activity in the parietal lobe be dissociated?

A

It’s fuctionally dissociated with respect to superior and inferior regions.

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14
Q

What the superior parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Top down attention

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15
Q

What is the inferior parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Bottom-up attention

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16
Q

Does activity in the superior parietal lobe increase with the need for more direct attention?

A

Duh

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17
Q

What is “feature integration theory”?

A

Although the visual system can identify simple features without direct attention, attention is crucial (like “glue”) to binding features to specific locations.

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18
Q

When does activity in the inferior parietal lobe increase?

A

When our attention is drawn to an unattended location, or when the visual field suddenly changes.

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19
Q

What is “change blindness”?

A

Large changes in the visual field that go unnoticed, even when more salient things capture attention (like bright flashes or moving your eyes).

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20
Q

What is “neglect”?

A

Damage to the parietal/frontal cortex, usually to the visual field that is contralateral to the damage. Patients ignore events in the damaged hemifield.

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21
Q

Who was the first researcher to notice attention, and what term did he coin?

A

Hermann von Helmholtz - “covert attention” - mentally attending to stimuli without noticeable changes in behavior.

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22
Q

What is NOT neglect?

A

It’s not a motor problem.

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23
Q

What is “anosagnosia”?

A

Denial of any impairment of “neglect”

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24
Q

What is “somatoparaphrenia”?

A

Denying ownership of certain body parts.

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25
Q

Can neglect become less severe over time?

A

Yes

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26
Q

What is simultaneous extinction?

A

When someone can detect stimuluses on either side, but if it happens simultaneously only one captures attention.

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27
Q

What is awareness?

A

Subjective experience/feelings with sensations/thoughts

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28
Q

What is consciousness?

A

They ability to be aware of sensations and thoughts and to report or act on them.

29
Q

What is preconsious processing?

A

Capable of entering awareness, but before it occurs, due to a strong stimulus that needs furnther top down attention.

30
Q

What is conscious processing?

A

Awareness of strong stimulus and top down attention.

31
Q

What is the Reticular activating system (RAS)?

A

Region of brain stem that mediates overall level of awareness/wakefulness/arousal.

32
Q

What external stimulus regulates the RAS?

A

Circadian cycle

33
Q

What can damage to the RAS lead to?

A

Coma

34
Q

Do patients in a coma open their eyes or have a sleep wake cycle?

A

NO

35
Q

What characterizes a vegetative state?

A

Same as coma, but they have a sleep/wake cycle, and can open eyes during wake periods.

36
Q

What did Owen (2006) do?

A

Used fMRI on patient in veg state. Patient activated appropriate brain regions when asked to imagine playing tennis or walking around the house. Suggest high-level abilities

37
Q

What is resting-state connectivity?

A

Temporal (slow) correlations between spatially remote brain regions during rest.

38
Q

What is the default-mode network?

A

Brain network that shows more activity at rest than during a cognitive task.

39
Q

What are some brain regions that are associated with the default-mode network? (4)

A

Medial temporal lobe
Medial prefrontal cortex
Lateral and medial parietal cortex

40
Q

What happens to the default network activity when psychedelic drugs are administered?

A

Decreases this default network activity. Activity in anterior cingulate (“error-detecting”) also decreases.
Cognition unrestrained!

41
Q

What is memory?

A

The outcome of learning that persists over time

42
Q

What are the 3 stages of memory?

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

43
Q

How long is short-term working memory stored?

A

Secs to mins

44
Q

Who proposed that working memory is part of long-term memory?

A

Cowab (1995)

45
Q

How many “chunks” can the working memory integrate together into LTM?

A

4

46
Q

What brain region maintains info in wm?

A

Lateral PFC

47
Q

Where does damage in the brain typically occur in patients with amnesia? (1 system)

A

Limbic system

48
Q

Can amnesia come from psychological trauma?

A

Yep

49
Q

What are the 2 types of amnesia?

A 
Anterograde = no new memories
Retrograde = no old memories
50
Q

What’s H.M.’s story?

A

Medial temporal lobes removed, had impaired LTM. Non-declaritive memory intact. ANTEROGRADE amnesia = no new memories after surgery. He also has RETROGRADE

51
Q

What brain structures are necessary for encoding new memories? (2)

A

Hippocampus

Medial temporal lobes

52
Q

Which brain structure do old memories rely on?

A

Neocortex

53
Q

What is memory consolidation?

A

Memories change from hippocampal to cortical-dependence.

54
Q

What is the “subsequent memory effect”?

A

Brain activity at encoding predicts success of memory retrieval later.

55
Q

When memory retrieval is successful what brain regions show greater activity? (3)

A

Hippocampus
Medial temporal lobe
PFC

56
Q

What does it mean to “remember” memories? What does it mean to “know” about a memory?

A 
Remember = recollect details
Know = familiar but no details
57
Q

What brain structure supports memory recollection (remembering)?

A

Hippocampus

58
Q

What brain structure supports familiarity (knowing)?

A

MTL region (perirhinal cortex)

59
Q

What are Ekman and Friesen’s (1971) 6 basic emotions?

A 
Anger
Fear
Disgust
Sadness
Happiness
Surprise
60
Q

How does Russell (1979) categorize emotion?

A

Valence and arousal

61
Q

How does Lovheim define emotions?

A

Classification with neurotransmitter levels.

62
Q

What emotion is the insula linked to?

A

Disgust, also activated when self monitoring heart rate, temp, pain

63
Q

How does the orbitofrontal cortex integrate with emotion?

A

Decision making, rewarding/punishing stimuli

Also involved in addiction and moral judgements

64
Q

How does the anterior cingulate cortex work with emotions?

A

Detects errors, relevant during Stroop task.

65
Q

What role does the amygdala play in emotion?

A

Fear conditioning/non-declaritive learning

Receives input from thalamus

66
Q

What does damage to the amygdala lead to?

A

Defecit in processing fear-related info

Difficulty detecting and expressing fearful info

67
Q

What two patients had damage to the amygdala?

A

S.M. and S.P.

68
Q

What brain structures is the amygdala densely connected to? (2)

A

Hippocampus and PFC

69
Q

Do neglect defecits only occur in the visual field?

A

No

CogNeuro (3 decks)

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