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Biology > Exchange And Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Exchange And Transport In Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Why do cells need oxygen

A

For aerobic respiration

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2
Q

How do oxygen and carbon dioxide move between cells

A

By diffusion

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3
Q

What is urea

A

A waste product produced by animals from proteins.

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4
Q

What does urea do

A

Diffuses from cells to the blood plasma for removal from the body by the kidneys

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5
Q

How is water taken up by the cells

A

Osmosis

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6
Q

What is SA:V

A

Surface area to volume ratio

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7
Q

What happens to surface area if the organism is large

A

The surface area is smaller compared to its volume

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8
Q

In what cells can substances diffuse directly into a cell across a cell membrane and why

A

Single-celled organism
It has a large surface area compared to the volume so enough substances can be exchanged across the membrane to supply the volume of the cell

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9
Q

Why is it difficult for multicellular organisms to exchange enough substances to supply the entire volume across their outside surface alone

A

Because they have a smaller surface area compared to their volume

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10
Q

What 3 things affect the rate of diffusion and how

A

Distance
Concentration difference
Surface area

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11
Q

How does distance affect the rate of diffusion

A

Substances diffuse quicker when they haven’t as far to move

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12
Q

How does concentration difference affect the rate of diffusion

A

Substances diffuse faster if there’s a big difference in concentration between the area they are diffusing from and the area they are diffusing to.

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13
Q

How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion

A

The more surface area there is for molecules to move across to, the faster they can get from one side to the other

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14
Q

What is the job of the lungs

A

To transfer oxygen to the blood and to remove waste carbon dioxide from it

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15
Q

What happens in the alveoli

A

Oxygen diffuses out of the air in the alveoli and into the blood. Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction to be breathed out

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16
Q

How are the alveoli specialised for diffusion

A

A moist lining for dissolving gases
A good blood supply to maintain the concentration gradients
Very thin walls to minimise the distance the gases move
An enormous surface area

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17
Q

How do you calculate rate of diffusion

A

(Surface area x concentration difference) / thickness of membrane

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18
Q

What does Ficks law describe

A

The rate of diffusion

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19
Q

What do red blood cells carry

A

Oxygen

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20
Q

What is the Job of red blood cells

A

To carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body

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21
Q

Why do red blood cells have a large surface area

A

To absorb oxygen

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22
Q

Why don’t red blood cells have a nucleus

A

So they have more room to carry oxygen

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23
Q

What is the red pigment contained by red blood cells

A

Haemoglobin

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24
Q

What happens in the lungs with oxyhemoglobin

A

Haemoglobin binds with oxygen

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25
Q

What happens to oxyhemoglobin in the body tissues

A

It splits to make haemoglobin and oxygen to release oxygen to the cells

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26
Q

What is the main job of white blood cells

A

To defend against infection

27
Q

What are phagocytes

A

White blood cells

Change shape to engulf unwelcome microorganisms

28
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

White blood cells that produce antibodies against microorganisms
Produce antitoxins

29
Q

What do white blood cells do when you have an infection

A

They multiply to fight it off

30
Q

What do platelets do

A

Help blood clot so it doesn’t pour out and stops microorganisms getting in

31
Q

What are platelets

A

Small fragments of cells

No nucleus

32
Q

What is plasma

A

The pale straw coloured liquid that carries everything in blood

33
Q

What does plasma carry

A 
Red & white blood cells
Platelets 
CO2
Urea
Nutrients 
Hormones 
Proteins 
Antibodies
34
Q

What do arteries do

A

Carry blood away from the heart

35
Q

What do veins do

A

Carry blood to the heart

36
Q

What are capillaries involved in

A

The exchange of materials at the tissues

37
Q

Why do artery walls need to be strong, thick and elastic

A

They carry blood away from the heart and that blood is at high pressure

38
Q

Why are capillaries very narrow

A

So they can squeeze into the gaps between cells

Carry the blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them

39
Q

What type of walls do capillaries have and why

A

Permeable walls

So substances can diffuse in and out

40
Q

What do capillaries supply

A

Food

Oxygen

41
Q

How thick are capillaries

A

One cell thick

42
Q

Why don’t vein walls have to be thick

A

The blood is at low pressure

43
Q

Why do veins have valves

A

To keep the blood flowing in the right direction

44
Q

What type of circulatory system do mammals have

A

A double circulatory system

45
Q

What type of blood is pumped in the first circuit of the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood

46
Q

What type of blood is pumped in the second circuit

A

Oxygenated blood

47
Q

How many chambers do our hearts have

A

4

48
Q

Right atrium:

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava

49
Q

Right ventricle:

A

The deoxygenated blood moves from the right atrium through it which pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery

50
Q

Left atrium:

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein

51
Q

Left ventricle:

A

The oxygenated blood moves from the left atrium to it and then is pumped around the whole body via the aorta

52
Q

Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle

A

It needs to pump blood around the whole body at high pressure

53
Q

What do valves do

A

Prevent the back flow of blood

54
Q

What does the septum do

A

Separates the two sides of the heart

55
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

56
Q

What is respiration

A

The process of transferring energy from the breakdown of organic compounds

57
Q

What is the energy from respiration used for

A

Metabolic processes
Contracting muscles
Maintaining a steady body temperature

58
Q

What type of reaction is respiration and why

A

Exothermic

Energy is being transferred to the environment

59
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen ➡️ carbon dioxide + water

60
Q

What does anaerobic mean

A

Without oxygen

61
Q

What happens in anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose is partially broken down

Lactic acid is produced

62
Q

What do you use to measure the rate of respiration

A

A respirometer

63
Q

How do you calculate the rate of reaction

A 
Wood lice are put in the apparatus
They use up the oxygen as they respire 
Reduce in pressure 
Liquid moves 
Different temperatures

Biology (2 decks)

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