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alevel biology ocr > exchange in animals, fish and insects > Flashcards

exchange in animals, fish and insects Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of intercostal muscle

A

external and internal

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2
Q

why can singled celled organisms survive

A

because exchange can take place through the cell surface as there is a short diffusion pathway, metabolic activity is low and so o2 demands and co2 production is low, there is a high sa:v

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3
Q

as organisms get larger (3)

A

metabolic activity inc
o2 demand inc
co2 production inc

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4
Q

as organisms get larger the distance between cells increases meaning

A

the cells where o2 is needed and the supply of o2 is too far for diffusion to take place

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5
Q

as organisms get bigger what happen to the sa:v wmt

A

it decreases wmt gases cant be exchanged fast enough or in large enough amounts for the organism to survive

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6
Q

what is the pathway of air in mammals

A

nasal cavity
pharynx and larynx
trachea
left or right bronchus (bronchi)
bronchioles (pri, sec, ter)
respiratory bronchioles
alveoli

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7
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have

A

3

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8
Q

how many lobes does the left lobe have and why

A

2 due to the position of the heart

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9
Q

what is the total diffusion distance for gases

A

2 cells

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10
Q

what is the role of the nasal cavity in gas exchange (3)

A

blood warms the air
mucus traps particulates
humidifies air to protect more delicate structures in the lungs

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11
Q

adaptations to nasal cavity for exchange

A

good blood supply
large sa
goblet cells secrete mucus
moist surfaces (due to surfaces)

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12
Q

hoe long is the trachea

A

10-12cm long

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13
Q

what is the role of the trachea

A

to funnel air into and out of the lungs

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14
Q

adaptations to trachea

A

ciliated epithelium down to bronchi (columnar epithelium)
goblet cells that secrete mucus
c shaped rings of hyaline cartilage which is strong and flexible

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15
Q

adaptations of bronchi

A

full ring of cartilage
lined with cilia and goblet cells
some smooth muscle

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16
Q

as the diameter of structure decreases the amountof smooth muscle

A

increases

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17
Q

why is it neccessary that the respiratory system is specialised

A

size is very large (small sa:v)
high metabolic demand
to remove carbon dioxide

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18
Q

why might the diameter of bronchioles reduce

A

inflammation (eg diseases eg asthma) excess mucus

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19
Q

each lung is surrounded by a

A

pleura membrane which secretes pleura fluid into the pleura cavity lubricating each lung
it is a double membrane

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20
Q

why are surfaces moist

A

so that gases can dissolve to aid diffusion, eg gases dissolve in the water film in around the alveoli

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21
Q

adaptations of bronchioles

A

more smooth muscle
elastic fibres
lined with cilia and goblet cells
lacks cartilage so relies on air to maintain shape

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22
Q

elastic fibres ……+……. whereas smooth muscle …..+……

A

stretches and recoils
contracts and relaxes

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23
Q

adaptation of alveoli

A

squamous epithelium
1 cell thick(short diffusion pathway)
abundance (300-500million)
good blood supply lots of capillaries
collagen and elastic fibre
surfactant

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24
Q

what does lung surfactant do

A
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25
Q

function of gobllet cells in the gas exchange system in mammals

A

to secrete mucus by exocytosis which traps bacteria and removes them from the lungs/stops from reaching the lungs, mucus is a glycoprotein

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26
Q

role of smooth muscle cells in the gas exchange system in mammals

A

can contract decreasing trachea diameter propelling air upwards from the lungs at force, adjusting the size of airways

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27
Q

what is the role of squamous epithelial in the gas exchange system in mammals

A

ease of rapid gas exchange, smooth low friction surface, flattened/wider than tall, made up of type 1 pneumocytes

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28
Q

what is the role of ciliated cells in the gas exchange system in mammals

A

to waft/beat rhythmically to move foreign particles/ mucus out of the body

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29
Q

function of cartilage in the gas exchange system in mammals

A

prevents bursting of airways which could happen due to pressure changes, prevents collapse of airways, low resistance to air movement, in the trachea and bronchi it is strong and flexible with closely packed collagen

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30
Q

what is the function of elastic tissue in the gas exchange system in mammals

A

to stretch and recoil to prevent alveoli form bursting, the recoil helps to expel air during exhalation, expiration is a passive process

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31
Q

what do type 2 pneumocytes do

A

secrete pulmonary surfactant reducing surface tension and increasing stability

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32
Q

what is ventilation

A

a term used to describe breathing where air is constantly moving in and out of the lungs

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33
Q

why does ventilation have to be maintained

A

to maintain a concentration gradient in alveoli continually cycling air into the alveoli from the atmosphere

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34
Q

gases move from a region of

A

high pressure to low pressure

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35
Q

describe inspiration
(7)

A

diaphragm muscles contract and flattens
volume of thoracic cavity/lungs increases
external intercostals contract
ribs move up and out
pressure decreases to lower than atmosphere outside lungs and so air will move into the lungs
active process

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36
Q

describe expiration

A

diaphragm muscles relax back into dome shape. volume of lungs/thoracic cavity reduces
internal intercostal muscles contract but only during forced expiration
ribs move inwards and downwards
external intercostals relax
elastic fibres in trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli recoil to decrease volume
pressure increases

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37
Q

what are the additional muscles for inspiration

A

sternocleidomastoid and pectorals minor

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38
Q

what are the additional muscles for expiration

A

abdominal muscles internal intercostals

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39
Q

what stimuli causes a baby to take its first breath

A

temperature, sound, light, co2 levels, fluid to air `

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40
Q

why do premature babies have trouble breathing

A

they dont have the lung surfactant to work against the surface tension inside the lungs and so artificial surfactant is added

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41
Q

what part of the brain coordinates breathing

A

medulla oblongata

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42
Q

resuscitation uses exhaled air how is this still effectuve

A

the compostion of air breathed in contains 21% o2 breathing out it is 16% so it is still a lot

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43
Q

what is detected to regulate ventilation

A

pH

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44
Q

what detects the pH of the blood

A

chemoreceptors

45
Q

ventilation in humans changes in response to

A

levels of physical activity as the bodys energy demands are increased

46
Q

ventilation is an example of

A

negative feedback because has co2 conc increases breathing rate increases to bring levels down (level not to increase difference (pos))

47
Q

what are some ways ventilation in humans can be measured

A

simple obvs (counting breaths in a min)
chest belt and pressure meter (recording the rise and fall of the chest)
spirometer

48
Q

what is the formula for pulmonary ventilation

A

tidal volume x ventilation

49
Q

units for pulmonary ventilation and other

A

PV dm3mmin-1
tv dm3
vr min-1

50
Q

what is tidal volume

A

the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs with resting each breath

usually 1/2 a liter

51
Q

what is ventilation rate

A

no of breaths in 1 min usually 12-20

52
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

total volume of air that is moved into the lungs during one minute

53
Q

what is asthma

A

a common chronic inflammation of the airways to the lungs, the smooth muscle becomes tightened

54
Q

what can cause asthma

A

recurring environmental triggers including smoke, allergens, cold air, medications, arthropods eg dust mites

55
Q

gases move from a

A

region of high pressure to a region of low pressure

56
Q

what does spirometry measure

A

the amount and rate of air a person breathes in order to diagnose illness or determine a progress of treatment

57
Q

a spirometer is a device that detects

A

the changes in ventilation and presents the data on a digital display

58
Q

how can a balloon be used to measure the volume of air in a single breath

A

breathe one breath into a balloon, submerge the balloon underwater and measure the volume of water displaced (1ml=1cm3)

59
Q

hoe can you make using a spirometer valid

A

only breathe through the mouth had have a clip on the persons nose

60
Q

what are the components of a spirometer

A

static lower tank is filled with water, mobile upper half is tank is full with o2, trace drawn (with trace marker) of revolving drum or electronic display, canister of soda lime

61
Q

why is there a cannister of soda lime on a spirometer

A

to remove co2 produced so that the concentration is kept at a safe level

62
Q

breathing out into a spirometer will cause what

A

the upper half with rise as you breathe out into the tank, volume of air in spirometer increases

63
Q

breathing in from a spirometer will cause what

A

the upper half to fall, volume of air in spirometer decreases

64
Q

the trace marker on a spirometer is attached to the

A

mobile upper half

65
Q

on a spirometer trace/graph, if volume of air inside the spirometer is on the x axis, what will happen to the line during inspiration and expiration

A

inspiration- it will go down
expiration- it will go up

66
Q

on a spirometer graph, if volume of air inside the lungs is on the x axis, what will happen to the line during inspiration and expiration

A

inspiration- it will go up
expiration- it will go down

67
Q

why is the volume inside the spirometer slowly decreasing

A
68
Q

how to measure TV on a spirometer graph

A

peak to trough

69
Q

how to calculate breathing rate

A

number of breaths divided by time

70
Q

describe the 2 ways exercise will influence ventilation

A

increase ventilation rate so that there is a more continuous exchange of gases

increase tidal volume so that more air can get into the lungs to be exchanged

71
Q

is the residual volume of air stale

A

no because it is being replaced all the time

72
Q

what is the purpose of the residual volume

A

to prevent the lungs from sticking together

73
Q

what is total lung capacity

A

the volume of air in the lungs after maximal inhalation (6l in a normal adult male)

74
Q

what is vital capacity

A

volume of air you can exchange by the lungs via maximal inhalation and exhalation

75
Q

what is residual volume

A

volume of air that is always present in the lungs

76
Q

on a spirometer trace which reserve volume is always next to residual vol

A

expiratory reserve vol

77
Q

what factors contribute to a persons lung capacity and ventilation rate

A

height (a taller person will have wider shoulders and so a larger chest capacity)

location eg altitude

lifestyle eg smoking

age, gender

78
Q

what does COPD stand for

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

79
Q

what is COPD

A

chronic inflammatory lung disease which can involve a combination of diseases, it causes obstructive airflow to the lungs

80
Q

COPD is mostly found in which kind of people

A

older people

81
Q

symptoms of COPD

A

breathing difficulty
cough
mucus (sputum) production
wheezing

82
Q

land animals are also called

A

terrestrial animals

83
Q

how does o2 availability compare in water and in air

A

the amount of o2 dissolved in water s less than in air, H2O is heavier than air and so lots of energy is needed to move water of respiratory exchange surface

84
Q

how do gas exchange systems compare in simple and complex organisms

A

simple: large sa:v for gas exchange by diffusion

complex: o2 from H2O through gills, the complexity of the gill structure correlates to the o2 requirements

85
Q

on fish what is the thing called that covers the gills

A

the operculum

86
Q

what is the operculum

A

a gill cover that is moveable and reinforced with rays of bone

87
Q

what key features can be seen in a fish dissection

A

gill arch
filaments

88
Q

where does gas exchange occur in fish

A

gill plates

89
Q

each gill…… is attached to 2 stacks of…..

A

arch
filaments

90
Q

on the surface of each filament there are rows of

A

lamellae

91
Q

the lamellae consists of a single layer of flattened cells that cover a vast network of

A

capillaries

92
Q

what in fish is 1 cell thick

A

the lamellae and the capillaries

93
Q

what is the purpose of a counter-current

A

maintains concentration gradient along the whole length of the capillary. the water with the lowest concentration of o2 is found adjacent to the most deoxygenated blood

94
Q

what else does the counter-current do

A

forces water past the lamllae in the opposite direction to the flow of blood as the blood always requires o2 it moves towards the water that always has a higher concentration of o2

95
Q

what would happen is there was a parallel counter-current

A

fails to provide a persistent o2 conc gradient and then there will be no futher exchange as the conc gradient will disappear as concs become the same

96
Q

what happens during inspiration in a fish

A

muscles contract lowering the floor of the pharynx, volume of buccal cavity increases, pressure decreases and so water enters the mouth

97
Q

what additional things happen in inspriation in a fish

A

operculum buldges outwardsm opercular valve close, pressure decreases, water flows into the opercular cavity

98
Q

insects are per

A
99
Q

blood vessels generally contain a layer of collagen this is to

A

resist changes in pressure

100
Q

blood vessels generally contain a muscle later, the function is to

A

contract to control the flow of blood

101
Q

blood vessels generally contain an elastic layer, the function is to

A

stretch and recoil to maintain blood pressre

102
Q

blood vessels are lined with an endothelium layer, how is it adapted to its function

A

it is smooth to reduce friction with the blood, it is one cell thick to allow rapid diffusion

103
Q

how is the elastic layer in arteries adapted to its function

A

thicker than in veins to maintain high bp so that blood reaches the extremeties.

the stretch and recoil helps to smooth pressure csurges resulting from the heartbeat

104
Q

how is the artery wall adapted to its function

A

it is thick to help prevent the artery bursting under pressure

105
Q

how is the valve system in arteries adapted to its function

A

there are no valves as the constant high pressure helps prevent blood from flowing backwards

106
Q

how is the lumen in veins adapted to its function

A

it is large so it can carry a large volume of slow moving blood

107
Q

how is the muscle layer in veins adapted to its function

A
108
Q
A

alevel biology ocr (19 decks)

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