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AHW RESIT > Exotics and Wildlife > Flashcards

Exotics and Wildlife Flashcards

1
Q

Sexing Rabbits

A

Male: round genital opening, protruding penis, points caudally
Female: V shaped vulva, points cranially

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2
Q

Sexing Guinea Pigs

A

Male: penis extrudes
Female: Y shaped opening

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3
Q

Sexing Rats

A

Male: large anogenital distance, testicles
Female: small anogenital distance, nipples

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4
Q

Sexing Mice

A

Male: large anogenital distance, testicles
Female: small anogenital distance

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5
Q

Sexing Hamsters

A

Male: large anogenital distance, testicles
Female: small anogenital distance

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6
Q

Sexing Gerbils

A

Male: large anogenital distance
Female: small anogenital distance

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7
Q

Passerine vs Psittacine Birds

A

Passerine:
Perching or song birds e.g. canaries
Hard or soft bills
Anisodactyl feet (3 forward, 1 back)
High metabolic rate

Psittacine:
Parrots, macaws, cockatoos, budgies
hooked beaks, short necks
Zygodactyl feet (2 forward, 2 back)
mostly seed eaters

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8
Q

Sexing birds

A

Some birds exhibit sexual dimophism e.g. budgies (blue cere in males, red cere in females), cockatoos (black iris in males, brown iris in females), behavioural differences
Many species are sexually monomorphic (DNA or endoscopy required to determine sex)

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9
Q

Bird Housing/Husbandry Issues

A

Small cages/lack of stimulation -> obesity, stress, self-mutilation, over-bonding
Kept alone or in groups with limited resources -> over-bonding, aggression, stress
No UV exposure -> disorders of calcium metabolism
Air quality issues -> respiratory diseases, feather plucking
Scary stimuli e.g. dogs -> fear, stress
Poor perching -> nail problems, bumblefoot (pododermatitis), beak problems

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10
Q

Indoor bird cage requirements

A

Able to spread wings in all directions
Stainless steel, no powder coating
Horizontal bars for climbing
Avoid curved edges to maximise space
Easy to clean

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11
Q

Bird Diets

A

Seed based - high in fat, low in nutrients, contamination common
De-husked seeds - less contamination, nutritionally poor
Pulse diets - more protein, nutrient deficient, better as supplementary
Mixed diets - hard to get right, allows for selective eating
Formulated diets - complete, nutritionally balanced, at least 50% fruit and veg
Specialised feeders - pollen and nectar, must be made fresh to avoid contamination
Grit - helps break down and digestion of food, protects GI tract

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12
Q

Zinc Toxicity in birds, cause and clinical signs

A

Zinc toxicity:
Galvanised/powder coated material
Lethargy, regurgitation, weight loss, anaemia, increased drinking and urinating, neurological signs, feather plucking

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13
Q

Bumblefoot in birds, what is it and predisposing factors

A

Bumblefoot/pododermatitis:
Pressure sores on feet, leads to secondary infections + abcesses
Obesity, lameness, poor perching, nutritional problems, overgrown nails, poor hygiene

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14
Q

Feather Plucking Causes

A

Often multifactorial
Breeding related
Behavioural issue e.g. stress, boredom
Can lead to self mutilation
Need to address other issues first e.g. nutritional deficiencies, improper husbandry

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15
Q

Over-bonding in birds, problems and prevention

A

Problems: regurgitation, frustration, stress, aggression, excessive egg laying
Prevention: share interaction, avoid stroking down length of back

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16
Q

Hypocalcaemia in birds, causes and clinical signs

A

Inadequate UV light (UV required to convert vitamin D into active form), calcium and vitamin D deficient diets (vitamin D required to metabolise calcium)
Clinical signs: neurological issues (e.g. wobbliness, twitching), osteodystrophy, beak deformities, reproductive issues, feather plucking

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17
Q

Hypovitaminosis in birds, effect and clinical signs

A

Most common vitamin deficiency
Affects epithelial cells in resp, repro and urinary tracts
Clinical signs: nasal discharge, periorbital swelling, abcesses, white plaques, conjunctivitis, breathing difficulties, increased drinking and urinating, feather plucking, bumblefoot

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18
Q

Respiratory diseases in birds, causes and examples

A

Air quality issues: air fresheners, warm, smoke, dust
Aspergillosis: fungal infection
Psittacosis: zoonotic

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19
Q

Common husbandry practices in birds

A

Identification: ringing, microchipping, tattooing, rubber stamping
Wing Clipping: never cut blood feathers
Claw and beak trimming: overgrowth, fractures, malocclusion, infectious disease

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20
Q

Legislation regarding birds of prey

A

Wildlife and countryside act 1981:
species listed in schedule 9 are considered non-native and cannot be released or allowed to escape (some exceptions, e.g. barn owl, red kite)

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21
Q

Common bird of prey welfare issues

A

Poor housing
Lack of exercise
Incorrect diet
Lack of social interaction

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

Flight Weight
Cast
Cast off
Casting
Footing
Imping
Mutes
Manned
Mews
Hood

A

Flight Weight - ideal weight for flying
Cast - holding a bird for examination, regurgitate a pellet, two or more birds flown together
Cast off - released from fist
Casting - indigestible part of diet
Footing - bird strikes with its feet
Imping - replacement of damaged feather
Mutes - faeces
Manned - tamed
Mews - building bird is kept/trained in
Hood - leather cap used to calm bird

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24
Q

Bird of Prey Husbandry

A

Tethered on blocks/perches or kept in aviaries (free lofting)
Perch types: block or bow
Perch materials: astro, nylon rope, natural materials (e.g. bark, cork)

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25
Q

Bird of Prey diet

A

Feed whole carcasses, different each day
Ca:P ratio is important
Always provide fresh water
Diet should be tailored to activity

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26
Q

Common bird of prey injuries

A

Wing Tip oedema - reduced blood flow to wing tips causes feather loss and tissue damage (keep warm and dry to prevent this)

Pododermatitis - caused by injuries, poor perching, obesity, nutritional deficiencies (prevented by a balanced diet, clean environment/perch and increased handling or free lofting)

Head Trauma - occurs when hunting, check whole body for trauma, if eyesight damaged they cannot be released

Fractures - leg and wing fractures are common, restoring limb function more important in birds of prey

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27
Q

Common bird of prey husbandry related diseases

A

Enteritis -
Clinical signs: abnormal mutes, vomiting, regurgitating, blood or undigested food in faeces, anorexia
Causes: bacterial, fungal, viral, endoparasitic, toxicity

Parasites -
Can cause diarrhoea or white plaques in mouth
Poor hygiene and biosecurity where multiple birds kept together
Can be caused by poorly sources/infected food
Wild birds have a natural worm burden which becomes unbalanced when ill or stressed

Crop Stasis -
Prolonged emptying of crop
Causes: crop infection, inappropriate food, dehydration, low body condition, over full crop

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28
Q

Roles of Guinea Pigs in Society

A

Companionship
Mental Health
Child development
Social connection (rabbit + guinea pig groups)

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29
Q

Roles of Rabbits in Society

A

Research - produce serum antibodies, models for disease/biological systems, test animals
Food
Ecosystems - eat weeds, food for predators
Pets

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30
Q

Rabbit and Guinea Pig Husbandry Requirements

A

Rabbits:
Enclosed place to hide/sleep
Somewhere to exercise
Able to stand (Ears not touching roof), lie fully outstretched in any direction, take 3 consecutive hops in each section of their housing
Kept in pairs

Guinea Pigs:
Tunnels to run and hide in
Kept in pairs or big groups

Both:
Robust
Draught Proof
Damp proof
Escape proof
Predator proof
Shade
Good ventilation
Chew resistant and non-toxic material
Water
Substrates - absorbent for toilet (e.g. newspaper, wood shavings), insulating for bedding (e.g. shredded paper, hay)
Enrichment - Toys, food puzzles, foraging

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31
Q

Rabbit Diet

A

Herbivores
Avoid excess calcium
Need lots of fibre for gut and dental health
85% hay, 10% veg, 5% pellets

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32
Q

Guinea Pig Diet

A

Herbivores
Need lots of fibre for gut and dental health (hindgut fermenters with constantly growing teeth)
85% hay/grass/forage, 12% veg, 3% pellets
Cannot synthesise their own vitamin C so rely on diet for this (keep begs closed and stored away from light as vitamin C degrades rapidly in light and heat)

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33
Q

Rabbit behaviour and social structure

A

Prey species
Crepuscular (active at twilight)
Burrowers
Live in social groups
Hind leg thumping = alarm
Fear -> immobility or flight response
Bruxism = pain

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34
Q

Guinea Pig Behaviour and Social Structure

A

Prey
Crepuscular
Hide in abandoned burrows and under structures
Live in social groups
High pitched squeal = alarm
Purr = calm
Whistle = excited
Bruxism = pain

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35
Q

Safe Handling of Rabbits

A

Restrain firmly, don’t squeeze
Support hindlimbs so they cannot kick out
Support back/spine

36
Q

Effect of poor rabbit breeding

A

Poor rabbit breeding:
Dental malocclusion (upper and lower teeth misalignment) -> dental disease
Narrow ear canals -> chronic ear infections
Brachycephalic -> over-heating

37
Q

Rabbit and guinea pig common welfare concerns and welfare linked diseases

A

Incorrect diet:
Dental disease -> gut stasis
Obesity -> arthritis/spondylosis (spine arthritis) -> bladder disease
Excessive calcium -> bladder disease
Hypovitaminosis C -> swollen joints -> pain

Small enclosures:
lack of movement -> arthritis -> bladder disease
Poor ventilation -> resp infections
Poor hygiene -> pododermatitis and myiasis

38
Q

Captive Rodent Behaviours

A

Gnawing
Burrowing and nest building
Foraging
Sandbathing
Exercise
Jumping + climbing
Social interaction
Thigmotaxis
Hamsters - hibernation + food carrying

39
Q

Daily Rodent Husbandry

A

Gnaw-proof housing
Easy to clean
Multi-levels
Solid levels with substrate
Ventilation and humidity
Lighting
Enrichment

40
Q

Captive Rodent Nutrition

A

Pellet based - not seed or muesli (-> selective eating, nutritional deficiencies and obesity)
Small amounts of treats e.g. nuts, fruit

41
Q

Rodent health problems due to captivity

A

Trauma - fighting, poor handling techniques, enclosure design
Bumblefoot - surfaces, hygiene, obesity
Resp Disease - Mixed infections, ventilation and cleanliness, dust-free bedding, quarantine new arrivals
Dental disease
GI disease - stress, rehoming, overcrowding, poor husbandry

42
Q

Wildlife rehabilitation definition

A

treatment and temporary care of injured, diseased, and displaced indigenous animals, and the subsequent release of healthy animals to appropriate habitats in the wild.

43
Q

Arguments for and against wildlife rehabilitation

A

Against:
survival of the fittest
wrong for humans to interfere
Doesn’t consider wider ecosystem

For:
Humans play large role in harming welfare and health of wild animals
Individuals important in endangered and vulnerable wildlife
Maintaining food chain for ecosystem balance

44
Q

Reasons for hedgehog population decrease

A

Roads
Reluctance to cross roads -> isolated populations -> more vulnerable to disease
Badgers compete for the same food

45
Q

Issues with increased deer population

A

Browsing pressure (consumption of woody vegetation) causes crop damage, inhibits regeneration of existing woodland making them vulnerable to disease and climate change
Too many deer competing for the same food -> malnourished population -> more vulnerable to disease
Dense populations supports spread of disease to wildlife and humans
Deer-vehicle collision are dangerous to the deer and humans

46
Q

Zoonotic diseases that pose a risk when handling wildlife

A

Salmonella, leptospirosis, ringworm, TB etc.

47
Q

Safe handling and catching of squirrels

A

Caught using nets, wire cones or squeeze cages

48
Q

Safe handling and catching of hedgehogs

A

Easy to catch (ball up when scared)
Uncurling - firmly stroke spines from neck to rump or hold them with head facing down just above a table

49
Q

Safe handling and catching of foxes and badgers

A

Aggressive
Caught by net or box, restrain using quick release dog catcher
Never hold by tail
Sedation preferable (reduces stress and risks)
Scruff, use muzzles

50
Q

Safe handling and catching of deer

A

Approach recumbent deer with caution
Cover eyes and use cargo nets or blankets to restrain body
Care needed with antlers

51
Q

Aim of Triage

A

Differentiate between wildlife with a good chance of survival and eventual release and those requiring immediate euthanasia

52
Q

Captive Wildlife diet

A

Carnivores/omnivores - road kill + earthworms, or bought in chicks and mice
Insectivores - earth worms, maggots, mealworms
Herbivores - weeds or bought salad/veg, seeds, grain
Mimic natural diet as much as possible

53
Q

Wildlife captivity caused diseases

A

Endoparasites - natural parasite burden (off balance if ill or stressed)
Capture Myopathy/Capture shock

54
Q

When to re-release captive wildlife

A

Can they?
avoid predators/danger
Hunt
Find and defend territory
Adapt to weather
Reproduce
Hibernate
Migrate

55
Q

Hedgehog behaviour

A

Nocturnal
Hibernate Jan - Mar
Active during the day is often a sign of ill health or inability to find food at night
Autumn juveniles are ‘too small to hiberate”
Warmer winters cause hedgehogs to wake up when food is low
Loss of habitat - fenced gardens, hedgehogs cannot escape and food sources deplete in the garden

56
Q

Ideal hedgehog weight

A

450g

57
Q

Role of the zoo

A

Conservation
Education
Research
Recreation

58
Q

Zoo regulation

A

Animal welfare act 2006
EC Zoos Directive
Zoo licensing Act 1981
Secretary of state’s standards of modern zoo practice
BALAI directive
Convention on international trade in endangered species
Dangerous wild animals license

59
Q

Challenges of being a zoo vet

A

Very small or large patients
Dangerous patients
Lack of data and info
Access and restraint

60
Q

Challenges of managing captive wildlife

A

Space requirements
Behaviour
Habitat
Cognition
Diet

61
Q

Preventative health care in zoos

A

Vaccination
Prophylactic anti-parasite meds
Nutrition
Health monitoring e.g. regular vet checks
Biosecurity, hygiene, cleanliness
Quarantine and transfer
Environmental provision e.g. UV
Enclosure design
Contraception
Carcass disposal

62
Q

Types of preventative healthcare

A

Primary prevention - avoiding disease development
Secondary prevention - early detection
Tertiary prevention - minimise complications/impact, maximise quality of life

63
Q

Routine health checks in zoos

A

Liaison with keepers
Behavioural observations
BCS/weight
Full clinical exam
X-rays, ultrasound
Blood tests
Rectal swab (bacteriology)
Hair sample (DNA)

64
Q

Juvenile and elderly health checks in zoos

A

Juvenile - abnormalities unlikely, baseline info, coincide with vaccines, microchipping etc.
Elderly - welfare, abnormalities likely, monitoring health condition, treatment, decision making

65
Q

Orders of reptiles

A

Squamata - lizards, snakes
Chelonia - tortoises, turtles, terrapins
Crocodilia - alligators

66
Q

Environmental design of reptile enclosures

A

Size and shape:
large enough for temp gradient
Size depends on body length

Materials:
non-toxic, non-porous
Easy to clean, obtain and maintain
Durable
Safe

67
Q

Temp in reptile enclosures

A

Ectothermic - require range of temps
POTZ (preferred optimum temp zone) = optimum temp for feeding, digestion, repro, immunocompetence
Varies by species, time of year, physiological state, health status
Heating required to form temp gradient
Thermometers placed at height animal most likely to be

68
Q

Heat sources in reptile enclosures

A

Ceramic or incandescent bulbs - hot spots, basking species, need guard to prevent burns
Heat pads/mats - nocturnal or crepuscular species, placed outside tank
Hot rocks - too hot, uncontrollable/unpredictable, not recommended

69
Q

Lighting in reptile enclosures

A

Infrared = heat
Visible light = repro behaviour
Lizards and chelonians reqiure full spectrum lighting
Day and night required

70
Q

Humidity in reptile enclosures

A

Varies by species natural habitat
Hygrometer used to measure
If too low -> dyseccdysis (abnormal shedding) and renal failure
If too high -> fungal and bacterial dermatitis
Spraying, misting, drip systems, water bowls, humidifiers, moss

71
Q

Ventilation in reptile enclosures

A

Air changes (not just movement)
Reduce odours, prevent pathogen build up
passive e.g. ventilation holes or active e.g. fan

72
Q

Furniture and enrichment in reptile enclosures

A

Promote natural behaviour e.g. feeding, shedding, thermoregulation
Logs, hides, rocks, plants etc.
Need to be cleaned on entry and regularly

73
Q

Reptile diets

A

Species variation
Carnivores - whole prey items
Herbivores and omnivores - leafy weeds and veg, feed chopped to reduce selective feeding, avoid: high oxylate food (reduces Ca availabilty) e.g. spinach, brassicas e.g. broccoli, high phytate food (reduce P,Ca and Fe uptake) e.g. cereals, pellets (too high in energy and protein)
Omnivores - insect based diets

74
Q

Snake diets

A

Do not handle within 24-48 hours of feeding
Amount and frequency varies with species and age
Regular weighing and BCS to get right
Can alter feeding to manage behaviour e.g. feed more frequently to calm over active snaked

75
Q

Reptile supplementation

A

Ca - dusting, gut loading
Multivitamins

76
Q

Reptile behaviours

A

Climbing, hiding, brumation (reptile hibernation), aggression

77
Q

Brumation: Trigger and Action

A

Reptile hibernation
trigger = dropping environmental temp
reduced metabolic rate and oxygen demand
used fat reserves (poor BCS -> unlikely to survive)

78
Q

Reptile aggression

A

Territorial displays
Can be seasonal (breeding)
Head bobbing, tail whipping, hissing, rearing up
Keep them in socially appropriate situations (most are solitary)

79
Q

Sexing bearded dragons

A

Males - more prominent femoral pores, 2 hemipene bulges (base of tail)
Females - no hemipene bulges

80
Q

Sexing snakes

A

Sexing probe in hemipene - goes deeper in males

81
Q

Sexing chelonians

A

Tail - longer in males
Plastron - concave in males
Carapace - margin tucked in males, margin flared in females

82
Q

Reptile MSK issues

A

Metabolic bone disease - poor calcium metabolism, fractures, bone deformities
Gout - uric acid crystals form in joints if diet is too high in protein
Overgrown nails and beak

83
Q

GI issues in reptiles

A

Gut impaction
Endoparasites
Regurgitation - endoparasites and handling
Anorexia - stress, poor husbandry, dehydration, systemic illness)

84
Q

Reptile skin and shell issues

A

burns and scalds - bulbs
Ectoparasites e.g. snake mites
Tumours (UV damage)
Dyseccdysis (poor shedding) including retained spectacles
Trauma
Shell pyramiding
Soft shell (metabolic bone disease)
Stomatitis (mouth inflammation)

85
Q

Reptile Resp disease causes

A

Inadequate ventilation
High temp/low humidity - dries mucous membranes
Low temps - reduced immunity
Poor hygiene
Small vivarium - not able to clear discharges
Nutritional deficiencies

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