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Psych/Soc > experimental design > Flashcards

experimental design Flashcards

1
Q

external validity

A

how well findings can apply to real world. Sampling bias can affect this

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2
Q

internal validity

A

confounders, Hawthorne Effect can affect this

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3
Q

predictive validity

A

how well test predict future performance

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4
Q

Hawthorne Effect (also called demand characteristics)

A

people adapt responses based on social norms or what they think researchers’ expectations are. Comes from lack of blinding

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5
Q

Lack of reliability

A

stems from error in measurement tools

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6
Q

sampling bias

A

basically selection bias (sample not representative of population)

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7
Q

attrition effects

A

participants drop out of study

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8
Q

demand characteristics

A

participants guess what study is about; subconsciously respond to be consistent with hypothesis

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9
Q

situational effects

A

the research environment changes outcome (e.g. MRI machine is claustrophobic)

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10
Q

statistical power

A

can be lacking when sample is too small

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11
Q

pearson correlation

A

from -1 to +1, expressing both +/- of correlation, as well as strength (close to zero is weak)

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12
Q

ethnographic studies

A

qualitative method, you immerse yourself in the lives of the people you study

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13
Q

construct validity

A

do the tools measure what they purport to measure?

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14
Q

response bias

A

respondents might not have perfect insight into their internal state and reply falsely

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15
Q

type 2 error

A

false negative

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16
Q

type 1 error

A

false positive

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17
Q

p-value

A

probability that the observed difference was due to chance or fluke rather than true correlation (ought to be less than 0.05)

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18
Q

between subjects design

A

compares between 2 groups of subjects; whereas within-subjects design may follow one subject before and after

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19
Q

phenomenological studies

A

what individuals report about their personal experiences

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20
Q

values vs beliefs

A

values are a culture’s standards for evaulating good and bad; beliefs are principles that people hold

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21
Q

sociobiology

A

study of how biology and evolution determine behaviour

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22
Q

cultural diffusion

A

transfer of elements of culture from one group to another

23
Q

cultural transmission

A

process through which information is spread across generations

24
Q

cultural competence

A

effective dealings btw people of different cultures

25
Q

sociocultural evolution

A

theories describing how societies and cultures evolve over time

26
Q

carrying capacity

A

total possible population that can be supported without detrimental effects

27
Q

population-lag effect

A

changes in fertility rate not felt for several generations

28
Q

(of disease) prevalence vs. incidence

A

incidence is how many new cases pop up; prevalence is number of existing cases at a given time

29
Q

Everett Lee

A

theorized there are push and pull factors that determine migration

30
Q

rural flight

A

people leave country for the city

31
Q

malthus

A

predicted overpopulation. there are 2 checks on population; positive checks raise death rate like disease; preventative checks lower birth such as birth control

32
Q

gender schema theory

A

study of how gender beliefs become socialized

33
Q

ethnogenesis

A

social process that results in creation of separate ethnicities

34
Q

racial formation perspective

A

view of race as a social construct

35
Q

America: 4 periods of immigration?

A

17-18 cent: english colonists
mid-19: northern Europe
early 20th: eastern and southern Europe, Jews included
late 20th: Latin America and Asia

36
Q

relative deprivation

A

the experience of groups that do not have the resources needed for what they’d expect from their social position, i.e. feel entitled to more

37
Q

social reproduction

A

structures that perpetuate social inequality. 2 mechanisms: through cultural capital, and social capital

38
Q

relative vs. absolute poverty

A

relative: simply poor relative to your society; absolute: you struggle to survive

39
Q

marginal vs structural poverty

A

marginal: due to lack of employment; structural: due to the underlying institutions

40
Q

social epidemiology

A

the study of disease which accounts for social factors (SDOH)

41
Q

reference group

A

group of people we use as a standard for comparison

42
Q

Kinsey scale

A

scale of sexual orientation

43
Q

counterculture

A

culture which has contrary ideals and norms to the larger culture it dwells within

44
Q

demographic transition

A

pre industrial society has stable pop; industrial has growing pop; post industrial has declining pop

45
Q

subculture

A

smaller, distinct culture within a larger one. Neither dominant nor subservient

46
Q

difference btw prejudice and discrimination?

A

discrimination = prejudice + acting on it

47
Q

difference btw birth and general fertility rate? (*the word general is important)

A

fertility is births per 1000 fertile woman; birth rate is overall

48
Q

role conflict

A

conflict btw societal expectations of simultaneous roles (e.g. male nurse)

49
Q

examples of social institutions?

A

family, education, religion, government, economy, and medicine. Language isn’t one.

50
Q

quasi experimental

A

an experiment without randomization

51
Q

ceiling effect

A

problem with internal validity when all the scores are clustered to one end of the scale and do not reveal anything (e.g. Etsy ratings all 5 stars)

52
Q

face validity

A

does a metric measure what it purports to measure

53
Q

split-half reliability

A

does a metric have internal consistency? Compare half of its responses to the other half

54
Q

concurrent validity

A

does the metric concur with similar metrics in its field? e.g. a depression test should produce similar results to the standard, Beck’s Depression Inventory

Psych/Soc (6 decks)

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