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VMS 2006 > Eye Pathology II- Uvea and Retina > Flashcards

Eye Pathology II- Uvea and Retina Flashcards

1
Q

What is the uvea also known as?

A

The vascular tunic of the eye

Middle layer of the eye

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2
Q

What is the most important source of intraocular pressure

A

The pressure of fluid in the anterior cavity

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3
Q

What is glaucoma characterised by?

A

Characterized by persistent elevation in
intraocular pressure (IOP) and PAIN

pressure damage to the intraocular nerve

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4
Q

What is the pathogenesis of glaucoma?

A

slow outflow of aqueous humour- build up of pressure- damages the optic nerve

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5
Q

What is primary glaucoma?

A

Structural faults in how it drains

e.g in the iridocorneal angle

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6
Q

What is secondary glaucoma?

A

Acquired impairments to the outflow

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7
Q

What are the two ways developmental uveal diseases can form?

A
  1. Failure of formation
  2. Failure of remodelling
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8
Q

What is Goniodysgenesis?

In terms of causing a glaucoma

incomplete devlopment of the iridocorneal angle

A

drainage angle is closed, fluid struggles to flow out
definition= abnormality in the anterior chamber of the eye

outer portion of the eye is not made

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9
Q

What can cause Goniodysgenesis?

incomplete development of iridocorneal angle

A
  • incomplete remodelling of the anterior chamber
  • bilateral
  • manifests in middle-older age dogs
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10
Q

How may you diagnose Goniodysgenesis?

A

gonioscopy

checks for the drainage angle

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11
Q

How does persistent pupillary membranes occur?

A

Persistence of anterior portions of the tunica vasculosa lentis
* thin endothelial tubes with variable amounts of mesenchyme originating from the iris attach to iris or corneal endothelium

may predispose to a glaucoma

common in dogs

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12
Q

What is the effect of irido-cilliary cysts?

A

Block the angle, prevent outflow
Causes glaucoma

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13
Q

What is the definition of uveitis?

A

inflammatory cells or fibrin within the uveal tract
-fibrovascular tissue grow around the uvea (no scarring)

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14
Q

Name 5 main clinical signs of uveitis

A
  • Aqueous flare- protein/cloudiness in the eye, also neutrophils
  • Hyphema- haemorrhage within the AC
  • Rubeosis iridis- red iris
  • Mioisis- narrow pupillary diamtere due to muscle spasms
  • low IOP
  • Hypoyon- neutrophils within the Anterior chanber
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15
Q

What is the main root cause of uveitis?

A

breakdown of the blood aqueous barrier

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16
Q

What causes reflex uveitis?

A

Axonal reflex leads to neurogenic inflammation of the uvea following corneal inflammation

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17
Q

What is the main cause of lens induced uveitis?

A

Response of immune system to ‘exposed’ lens antigens
* These proteins not recognized as ‘self’

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18
Q

What are the two types of lens induced uveitis?

A
  • Phacolytic
  • Phacoclastic
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19
Q

What is the main cause of Uveodermatologic syndrome/ immune-mediated uveitis

A

Autoimmune process targeted against melanocytes
* Tyrosinase or tyrosinase-related proteins potential antigens

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20
Q

What are the clinical signs of Uveodermatologic sundrome?

A
  • Bilateral ocular lesions
  • poliosis, vitiligo alopecia
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21
Q

What is Equine recurrent uveitis also known as?

A

Moon Blindness

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22
Q

What animal is predisposed to moon blindness?

A

Appaloosas

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23
Q

What is the posterior uvea called?

A

The choroid

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24
Q

What are the two parts of the ciliary body?

A
  • Pars plicata (contains folds)
  • Pars plana
25
Q

What is the iridocorneal angle?

A

Where the aqueous humour flows out

26
Q

What is senile iris atrophy?

A
  • thinning of the iris stroma
  • loss of pigmentation
  • irregularities in the pupil
27
Q

What is it called when there is inflammatory cells around the anterior chamber exudate?

A

anterior uveitis or iridocyclitis

28
Q

What is it called when there is inflammatory cells around the choroid?

A

choroiditis

29
Q

What is it called when there is inflammatory cells around the choroid +/- the ciliary body?

A

panuevitis

30
Q

What is it aclled when there is inflammation around the uveal tract?

A

endopthalmitis

31
Q

What is it called when inflammation effects/ involves all of the tunics?

A

Panopthalmitis

32
Q

What is immune privilege?

A
  • anatomic and molecular mechanisms of immune regulation taht protect against inflammation-induced injury whilst maintaining teh ability to protect against pathogens
33
Q

What is ACAID?

A

selective unresponsiveness with specific effector responses
it mediates the ocular immune response

33
Q

What are the three phases of uveal immunology?

A
  1. Ocular- APC’s pick up the antigen and produce proteins that exit and enter the thymus
  2. Thymic- stimulation of a unique population of natural killer cells
  3. Splenic- They meet with killer cells from the environemnt and the ocular APC’s to make an immunosupressive environment #
    Spleen also produces TREGS- reduce the immune response to antigens in the eye
34
Q

What is phacolytic lens-induced uveitis?

A

a response to a leaked cataract protein, lymphoplasmacytic inflammation

35
Q

What is phacoclastic lens-induced uveitis?

A

The response to a ruptured lens capsule
predominantly granulomatous inflammation

36
Q

What is the synechiae of the eye?

A

Adhesions between inflamed iris and the cornea

37
Q

What is the circumferential synechiae?

A

‘pupillary block’

38
Q

What is cataracts?

A

impaired lens nutrition

39
Q

What is retinal detachment?

A

Exudate detachment due to inflammation in the subretinal space

40
Q

What is pthisis bulbi?

A

end-stage globe (shrunken/ disorganised)

41
Q

What is the most common type of uveal neoplasia?

A
  • Melanomas
  • e.g feline diffuse iris melanoma
42
Q

What is an irido-cilliary epithelial tumour?

A

mass cradles the lens
causes a blockage of the aqeous outflow

43
Q

How does aqueous humour flow?

A

Aqueous humour flows from the posterior to the anterior cavity of the anterior chamber

44
Q

What are two degenerative uveal disorders?

A
  1. Senile iris atrophy
  2. Irido-Cilliary Cysts
45
Q

What is inflammation of the Cilliary body +/- the iris called?

A

iridocyclitis

46
Q

What is inflammation of the choroid called?

A

choroiditis

47
Q

What is inflammation of the choroid + the cilliary body +/- the iris called?

A

panuveitis

48
Q

What is it called when inflammation affects the uveal tract, retina +/- adjacent components?

A

endopthalmitis

49
Q

What is it called when inflammation affects all tunics?

A

panopthalmitis

50
Q

What do you need to evaluate goniodysgenesis clinically?

A

Gonioscopy

51
Q

Name 5 causes of reflex uveitis

A
  • Immune-mediated
  • Infectious agents
  • Penetrating trauma
  • Systemic vascular disease
  • Idiopathic
52
Q

What is phacolytic uveitis?

lens-induced

A
  • Response to a leaked cataract protein
  • Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation
53
Q

What is phacoclastic uveitis?

A
  • Response to a ruptured lens capsule
  • predominantly granulomatous
54
Q

What antemortem tests can you do to test for uveitis?

A
  • Antibody detection
  • Direct viral antigen detection
  • PCR
55
Q

Name 5 sequelae for uveitis

A
  1. Synchiae (adhesions between inflamed iris and cornea)
  2. Corneal neovascularisation
  3. Cataracts due to impaired lens nutrition
  4. Retinal detachment
  5. Phthisis bulbi
56
Q

What are the four most common types of uveal neoplasia in dogs and cats?

A
  1. Melanomas- feline diffuse iris melanoma
  2. Neuroectodermal tumours- iridocilliary adenoma
  3. Nerve-sheath tumours (Schwannomas)
  4. Metastatic neoplasia
57
Q

What are some examples of infectious agents that cause uveitis?

A

Often a manifestation of systemic infection
via direct implantation/ trauma is also possible
* Parasites
* fungi
* Virus
* Protists

VMS 2006 (25 decks)

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