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Anatomy Exam 2 > Eyes And Ears > Flashcards

Eyes And Ears Flashcards

0
Q

The fibrous coat contains which two structures?

A

Sclera and cornea

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1
Q

What are the three layers of the orbit and which meningal layers and NS are they analogous to?

A 
Fibrous coat (dura)
Vascular coat (arachnoid and pia)
Nervous coat (CNS)
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2
Q

What is the sclera?

A

Dense white CT that extrinsic eye muscles attach to.

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3
Q

What is the cornea? How do the corneal cells get their nutrients?

A

Continuous with the sclera, but it is clear (allows light to refract through it). Absorbs nutrients passively via aqueous humor diffusion (AVASCULAR)

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4
Q

Where is the caruncula lacrimalis?

A

At the medial angle of the eye

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5
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

thin, clear mucus membrane that covers the anterior, external eye and interior eyelid

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6
Q

What two structures produce protective fluid that nourishes the eye?

A

The conjunctiva and the lacrimal gland

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7
Q

What two substances are found within the conjunctiva?

A

Immunoglobulins and MALT

Mucus associated lymphatic tissue

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8
Q

Which optic coat contains blood vessels?

A

The vascular coat

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9
Q

What is the choroid and what layer is it in?

A

Layer of anastomosed blood vessels in the vascular coat

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10
Q

What do the ciliary bodies do?

A

Control the lens

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11
Q

What does the iris do?

A

Controls pupil size

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12
Q

What three structures are in the vascular layer?

A

Choroid blood vessels, the ciliary body and the iris

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13
Q

What are the two muscles that control pupil size and what do they do?

A

Sphincter pupillae (decrease pupil size) and dilator pupillae (increases pupil size)

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14
Q

Where is the sphincter pupillae muscle. What does it do? How is it innervated?

A

In the iris (vascular coat). Decreases pupil size. Innervated by parasympathetic nerves from Erdinger-Westphal nucleus along the occularmotor nerve.

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15
Q

Where is the dilator pupillae muscle? What does it do? How is it innervated?

A

In the iris (vascular coat). Dilates the pupil. Innervated by sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical ganglion.

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16
Q

The cornea covers what three structures?

A

The iris, the pupil and the anterior chamber

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17
Q

What is the cornea made of?

A

Epithelium, collagen, endothelium

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18
Q

What nerve receives sensory information from the cornea?

A

Trigeminal n (CN V)

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19
Q

What structure accounts for two thirds of the eyes optical refractory power?

A

The cornea

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20
Q

What is the lens made of?

A

Stiff, elongated prismatic cells (lens fibers)

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21
Q

What has more optical power- the cornea or the lens?

A

The cornea

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22
Q

What muscles can adjust the optical power of the lens (focus)?

A

Ciliary muscles

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23
Q

What is presbyopia and what is it caused by?

A

Difficulty seeing objects close up, caused by changes in lens elasticity (usually with age)

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24
Q

What is aqueous humor made from? What does it do?

A

Am ultrafiltrate of the blood. It provides nutrition and helps with an immune response.

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25
Q

Where does the aqueous humor come from? Where does it go?

A

Comes from the ciliary body, stays in the anterior chamber, drains through the canal of schlemm

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26
Q

What happens in glaucoma?

A

Aqueous humor builds up in the anterior chamber, increasing the pressure. Damage to the optic nerve causes blindness

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27
Q

The nervous coat contains the:

A

Retina

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28
Q

Neural signals for pigment/light flow through which structures?

A

Rods/ Cones –> neurons –> ganglion cells –>optic nerve –> optic disc

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29
Q

What does the retina contain?

A

Rods, cones and photosensitive cells

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30
Q

Where are the highest density of cones in the retina?

A

Macula lutea and fovea centralis

31
Q

Which are more numerous? Rods or cones?

A

Rods

32
Q

Which are more sensitive to light? Rods or cones?

A

Rods

33
Q

Which detect color? Rods or cones?

A

Cones

34
Q

What are the three types of cones?

A

Red, blue and green

35
Q

What is the “white of the eye”?

A

Sclera of the fibrous coat

36
Q

Which provide acute vision/ focus? Rods or cones?

A

Cones

37
Q

What vitamin do rods and cones require?

A

Retinal (Vitamin A)

38
Q

What structures surround the optic nerve/tract up to the sclera?

A

The meninges

39
Q

The subarachnoid space around the optic nerve/tract extends to what structure?

A

The lamina cribrosa

40
Q

What cells myelinated the axons of the optic nerve/tract?

A

Oligodendrocytes

41
Q

What cells surround cell bodies and dendrites of the optic nerve/tract, providing support?

A

Astrocytes

42
Q

What is papilledema? What does it look like?

A

Increased CSF pressure limits venous return from the retina, causes edema under the optic disc. The disc looks like it has blurred margins, and it looks like the optic disc is raised

43
Q

What is the vitreous body made of?

A

Hyaluronic acid and type II collagen fibrils and water

44
Q

What is the main function of the vitreous body?

A

To maintain the shape of the eye

45
Q

What is the hyaloid canal? What does it become?

A

The hyaloid canal is a vestige of the hyaloid artery that nourishes the lens during development. It breaks up into pieces, becoming gel “floaters” within the eye that are too large to be phagocytosed.

46
Q

What is the pathway of visual stimulus?

A

Light hits retina –> rods and cones generate AP in associated neurons –> impulse travels through optic nerve–> optic chiasm–> lateral geniculate body of the thalamus–> optic radiations to the primary visual cortex of occipital lobes

47
Q

Which parts of the retinae send signals to the right visual cortex?

A

Medial left eye retina and the lateral right eye retina

48
Q

Which retinae parts send signals to the left visual cortex?

A

Lateral retina of the the left eye, medial retina of the right eye

49
Q

What does the lateral rectus muscle do and what nerve innervates it?

A

Abducts the eye (lateral gaze). Innervated by the Abducens nerve of CN VI

50
Q

What does the superior oblique muscle do? What nerve innervates it?

A

Internally rotates, depresses and abducts the eye. Innervated by the trochlear nerve of CN IV

51
Q

The oculomotor nerve (CN III) innervates which muscles? (5)

A

Inferior oblique, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus and the ciliary body

52
Q

The external ear consists of what two structures?

A

Pinna and the external auditory meatus

53
Q

What is the purpose of the external ear?

A

Boost sound wave pressure and funnel waves to the tympanic membrane

54
Q

What cells produce ear wax? What is the official name for ear wax? And what is the purpose of ear wax?

A

Modified sebaceous glands along the external auditory meatus. Ear wax = cerumen. This protects the ear from inflammation/infection

55
Q

What are the three ossicles? And where are they?

A

Malleus, incus and the stapes. These are in the middle ear, inbetween the tympanic membrane and the oval window.

56
Q

What type of joints are the articulation so between the ossicles?

A

Synovial

57
Q

What does the auditory (eustacian) tube do?

A

Drains the middle ear into the nasopharynx

58
Q

Where does the tensor tympani attach?

A

Malleus

59
Q

Where does the stapedius muscle attach?

A

The stapes

60
Q

What is the purpose of the tensor tympani and the stapedius muscles?

A

To reduce movement of the ossicles, protecting them from excessive noise

61
Q

What three parts comprise the inner ear?

A

The cochlea, the vestibule, and the semicircular canals.

62
Q

What nerve innervates the inner ear?

A

The vestibulocochlear nerve

63
Q

What type of fluid is in the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani?

A

Perilymph

64
Q

What type of fluid is in the scala media (cochlear duct)?

A

Endolymph

65
Q

How is sound transmitted through the cochlea to an electrical signal?

A

Move,net of stapes at the oval window–> movement of perilymph in scala vestibuli –> scala tympani –> vibration of endolymph in scala media (cochlear duct) –> moves basilar membrane of the organ of corti–> hair cells on organ of corti move–> electrical signal along vestibulocochlear nerve

66
Q

What is the auditory nervous pathway?

A

Vestibular cochlear nerve–> cochlear nucleus –> superior olivary nucleus –> inferior colliculus–> thalamus–> primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe

67
Q

What three systems contribute to balance?

A

Vestibular system, visual system, proprioception

68
Q

What structures are in the vestibule of the inner ear?

A

Saccule, utricle, ampullae, 3 semicircular canals

69
Q

The three semicircular canals are filled with what type of fluid?

A

Endolymph

70
Q

How does the endolymph aid in balance?

A

Movement and changes in gravity move the endolymph in the semicircular canals, cause hair cells to move and generate electrical signals about movement

71
Q

What are otoliths? Where are they?

A

Otoliths are in the ampullae of the semicircular canals. They comprise of gelatinous matrix and calcium carbonate attached to hair cells to amplify the effects of gravity

72
Q

What are the semicircular canals lined with?

A

Periosteum

73
Q

What is BPPV?

A

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo- patient is overcome by a sudden sensation of spinning

74
Q

What is BPPV thought to be caused by?

A

An inner rear disturbance, in which otoliths enter the semicircular canals and disrupt the hair cells.

75
Q

How is BPPV diagnosed?

A

Pt history and the roll test / Dix-Hallpike maneuver

76
Q

How is BPPV treated?

A

The Epley/Semont maneuver

Anatomy Exam 2 (5 decks)

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