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Field Methods > F.1 > Flashcards

F.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the prime method of inquiry in science?

A

Experiment

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2
Q

The key features of an experiment are? (3)

A

Control over variables
Careful measurement
Establishing cause & effect relationships

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3
Q

An investigation in which a hypothesis is scientifically tested.

A

Experiment

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4
Q

3 types of experiments

A

Laboratory/Controlled Experiments
Field Experiments
Natural Experiments

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5
Q

These type of experiments are conducted in a well-controlled environment where accurate measurements are possible.

A

Laboratory/Controlled Experiments

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6
Q

Strength and limitation of laboratory/controlled experiment

A

S: Easier to replicate
L: Demand characteristics may bias the result

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7
Q

Example of laboratory/controlled experiment (2)

A

Milgram’s experiment on obedience
Loftus and Palmer’s car crush study

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8
Q

These type of experiments are done in the everyday environment of the participants.

A

Field Experiments

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9
Q

Strength and limitation of field experiment

A

S: Behavior is more likely to reflect real life
L: Less control over extraneous variables

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10
Q

Example of field experiment

A

Holfing’s hospital study on obedience

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11
Q

These type of experiments are in the everyday environment of the participants, but here, the experimenter has no control of the IV as it occurs naturally in real life.

A

Natural Experiments

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12
Q

Strength and limitation of natural experiment

A

S: High ecological validity
L: Less control over extraneous variables

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13
Q

Example of natural experiment

A

Hodges and Tizard’s attachment research

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14
Q

The degree to which an investigation represents real-life experiences

A

Ecological validity

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15
Q

These are the ways that the experimenter can accidentally influence the participant through their appearance or behavior.

A

Experimenter effects

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16
Q

The clues in an experiment that lead the participants to think they know what the researcher is looking for (e.g. experimenter’s body language)

A

Demand characteristics

17
Q

Variable the experimenter manipulates

A

Independent variable

18
Q

Variable the experimenter measures

A

Dependent variable

19
Q

All variables, which are not the independent variable, but could affect (DV) the results of the experiment

A

Extraneous variable

20
Q

Variable(s) that have affected the results (DV), apart from the IV; could be an extraneous variable that has not been controlled

A

Confounding variables

21
Q

Randomly allocating participants to independent variable conditions means that all participants should have an equal chance of taking part in each condition; principle is to avoid bias in the way the experiment is carried out and to limit the effects of participant variables.

A

Random allocation

22
Q

Changes in participant’s performance due to their repeating the same or similar test more than once.

A

Order effects

23
Q

Example of order effects (2)

A

Practice effect
Fatigue effect

24
Q

An improvement in performance on a task due to repetition (e.g. familiarity with the task)

A

Practice effect

25
Q

A decrease in performance of a task due to repetition ( e.g. boredom or tirediness)

A

Fatigue effect

26
Q

Refers to how participants are allocated to the different conditions (or IV levels) in an experiment

A

Experimental design

27
Q

Types of experimental designs that are commonly used (3)

A

Independent measures
Repeated measures
Matched pairs

28
Q

This type of design is also known as between groups; different participants are used in each condition of the independent variable, which means that each condition of the experiment includes a different group of participants.

A

Independent measures

29
Q

Pro and con of independent measures

A

P: Avoids order effects
C: More people are needed

30
Q

This type of design is also known as within groups; same participants take part in each condition of the independent variable, which means that each condition of the experiment includes the same group of participants.

A

Repeated measures

31
Q

Pro and con of repeated measures

A

P: Participant variables are reduced
C: There may be order effects

32
Q

Done to eliminate order effects.

A

Counterbalancing

33
Q

Each condition uses different but similar participants; effort is made to match the participants in each condition in terms of any important characteristic which might affect performance (e.g. gender, age, intelligence)

A

Matched pairs

Field Methods (4 decks)

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