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biology > f4 chap 2: cell biology & organisation > Flashcards

f4 chap 2: cell biology & organisation Flashcards

1
Q

what are all the components of an animal cell

A

mitochondria, lysosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticum, golgi apparatus, ribsome, plasma membrane, centriole, nucleus

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2
Q

what are the two layers of membranes in mitochondria?

A

smooth outer
membrane and folded inner membrane

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3
Q

what protein assists mitochondria in cellular respiration?

A

enzymes

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4
Q

function of mitochondria

A

A site that generates energy through the glucose oxidation process during
cellular respiration

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5
Q

in which cell can centrioles be found in?

A

animal cell

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6
Q

function of centriole?

A

Forms spindle fibre during cell division in animal cells

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7
Q

function of golgi apparatus?

A

Processes, modifies, packs and
transports chemicals such as protein,
carbohydrate and glycoprotein

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8
Q

whats the plasma membrane?

A

Outer membrane that surrounds the entire content of cell

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9
Q

whats plasma membrane made of?

A

proteins and phospholipids

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10
Q

permeability of plasma membrane?

A

partially permeable

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10
Q

function of plasma membrane?

A
  • Separates content of cell from the external environment
  • Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell
  • Allows exchange of nutrients, respiratory gases and waste materials between cells and their surroundings
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11
Q

what does nucleus contains?

A

chromosomes, nucleolus
and nucleoplasm.

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11
Q

function of lysosome?

A
  • Hydrolyses complex organic molecules such as protein, nucleic acid and lipid
  • Breaks down bacteria and components of damaged cells
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11
Q

function of nucleus ?

A

controls all cell activities

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11
Q

largest component in animal cell?

A

nucleus

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11
Q

what enzymes do lysosomes have?

A

hydrolytic enzymes

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12
Q

what do ribosomes consist of?

A

protein & rna

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13
Q

where can ribosomes be found?

A

Ribosomes are present on the surface of
the rough endoplasmic reticulum or exist
freely in the cytoplasm.

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14
Q

function of ribosomes?

A

Site for protein synthesis

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15
Q

whats the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

transport system within cell

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16
Q

function of RER?

A

transports proteins synthesised by
ribosomes.

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17
Q

function of SER?

A

synthesises and transports
glycerol and lipids, and carries out the detoxification of drugs and
metabolic by-products.

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18
Q

whats are the components of planet cell?

A

vacuole, cytoplasm, chloroplast, cell wall,

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18
Q

contents of cell sap?

A

Cell sap contains water, organic acids, sugars,
amino acids, enzymes, mineral salts, oxygen,
carbon dioxide and metabolic by-products.

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18
Q

whats a vacuole surrounded by?

A

the tonoplast membrane.

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19
Q

why is chloroplast green?

A

Contains chlorophyll pigments in the
grana that give plants a green colour

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19
Q

chloroplast function?

A

Chlorophyll absorbs
sunlight and converts
it to chemical
energy during
photosynthesis.

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19
Q

function of vacuole?

A

In unicellular animals, the
vacuole contracts during
osmoregulation, osmosis
and excretion.

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19
Q

what does cytoplasm contain?

A

organic & inorganic compunds

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20
Q

function of cytoplasm

A

Acts as a medium for biochemical reactions in cells.

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21
Q

whats cell wall made of?

A

cellulose fibre

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21
Q

function of cell wall?

A
  • Maintains the shape of plant cells
  • Provides mechanical support to plant cells
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22
Q

permeability of cell wall?

A

fully permeable

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23
Q

what are the similarities between animal & plant cell?

A

Both cells are made of nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes.

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24
Q

differences between animal & plant cell?

A

plant cells: has cell wall, has chloroplast, has fixed shape, doesnt have centrioles

animal cells: dont have cell wall, dont have chloroplast,doesnt have fixed shape, has centrioles

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25
Q

Unicellular organisms carry out life processes. What are all of them?

A

respiration, movement, nutrition, responding to stimulus, reproduction, growth and excretion.

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25
Q

how does amoeba move?

A

Amoeba sp. moves by extending out its pseudopodium. followed by the flow of cytoplasm into extended pseudopodium.

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26
Q

how does paramecium move?

A

Paramecium sp. moves using rhythmic cilia
beats.

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27
Q

how does amoeba obtain nutition?

A
  1. Amoeba sp. moves towards food by
    extending its pseudopodium to trap food
    particles by phagocytosis.
  2. The food vacuole is combined with lysosome. The food particles are hydrolysed by the enzyme lysozyme in the lysosomes.
  3. The nutrients are absorbed into the
    cytoplasm.
  4. Undigested food is discharged when the
    Amoeba sp. moves. Undigested food in the
    Paramecium sp. is discharged through the
    anus.
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27
Q

how do paramecium & amoeba excrete?

A

water will diffuse by osmosis and fill the contractile vacuole, when the vacuole expands to the maximum size, contraction occurs and water is excreted from time to time (osmoregulation)

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27
Q

how do unicellular organisms grow?

A

synthesising new cytoplasm

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27
Q

how do amoeba & paramecium reproduce in suitable temperature and when theres plenty of food?

A

via asexual reproduction that is binary fission through mitosis.

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27
Q

how do Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp. respond to stimuli

A

Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp. respond to
stimuli such as chemicals, touch or bright light
by moving away from the stimuli.

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28
Q

how does respiration work for unicellular organisms?

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
gases occur through the plasma membrane by
simple diffusion on the surface of the cell.

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28
Q

how do unicellular organisms excrete?

A

diffusion

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29
Q

how does amoeba reproduce when temp is not suitable, and theres food shortage?

A

Amoeba sp. forms spores that
will only germinate when the environment
improves.

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30
Q

how does paramecium reproduce when temp is not suitable, and theres food shortage?

A

conjugation (sexual reproduction)

30
Q

function of muscle cell?

A

Contract and relax to generate movement

30
Q

arrangement of muscle cell?

A

multinuclear striated
fibres

30
Q

function of xylem vessel?

A

transporting water and mineral salts
from the roots to the other parts of the
plant

30
Q

function of red blood cell?

A

optimise transportation of oxygen

31
Q

function of nerve cell?

A

sends nerve impulses

31
Q

function of white blood cell?

A

destroys pathogens

31
Q

function of epithelial cells?

A

Coats the surface of organs such as the digestive tract

31
Q

function of sieve tube element?

A

Transports organic materials from
leaves to storage organs
such as fruits

31
Q

function of sperm cell?

A

The head carries a set of chromosomes from the male

32
Q

function of spongy mesophyll cell

A

allows exchange of gas from the inside of the leaves to the palisade mesophyll cells

32
Q

function of palisade mesophyll cell?

A

arrangement allows maximum absorption of
sunlight for photosynthesis

33
Q

function of root hair cell?

A

Has a long projection which adds surface area for the absorption of water and
mineral salts

34
Q

what does epithetial tissue cover?

A

covers the outer surface and hollow surfaces in the body

35
Q

example of places epithelial tissue covers?

A

the surface of the trachea and bronchus, surface of the mouth and oesophagus

36
Q

where is cardiac muscle cells found?

A

in the heart wall

36
Q

where is smooth muscle cells found?

A

digestive tract, blood vessel,
urinary tract and reproductive tract)

36
Q

where is skeletal muscle cells found?

A

in legs and hands

36
Q

function of smooth muscle cell?

A

enable involuntary activities such as peristalsis
along the digestive tract.

37
Q

function of skeletal muscle cell?

A

contract and relax to generate
movement in bones and limbs.

38
Q

what are all the connective tissues?

A

loose connective tissue, fibrous connective tissue, blood tissu, adipose tissue, bone, cartilage

38
Q

function of cardiac muscle cell?

A

builds walls of the heart that contract to pump blood to the whole body.

38
Q

whats nerve tissue made of?

A

nerve cells (neuron)

38
Q

function of loose connective tissue?

A

links the epithelial
tissue to the tissue
below it, and fixes the
organs in their positions.

39
Q

function of fibrous connective tissue?

A

These tissues form tendons
and ligaments. The tendon
connects bones and muscles
while the ligaments connect
bones to bones.

40
Q

function of blood tissue?

A

Blood plays a functional
role in regulation,
transportation and
protection.

41
Q

function of bone?

A

forms the body
frame and protects the
internal organs.

42
Q

function of cartilage?

A

Cartilage encloses
bone tips to prevent
the bone from
wearing out.

43
Q

types of plant tissues

A

meristem, permanent

44
Q

types of ground tissues?

A

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

44
Q

function of collenchyma tissue?

A

giving support to young, non-woody stems

45
Q

function of parenchyma tissue?

A

store starch, protein and water.

46
Q

function of sclerenchyma tissue?

A

providing support and mechanical
strength to all mature parts of the plant.

47
Q

vasculare tissue is made up of?

A

xylem tissue, phloem tissue

48
Q

function of xylem tissue?

A

transporting water and
mineral salts from the roots
to other parts of the plant.

49
Q

function of phloem tissue?

A

transporting organic matters
such as sucrose from the leaves
to all parts of the plant.

50
Q

why is there a lot of mitochondria found in a sperm cell?

A

Requires a lot of energy to swim
towards the uterus and Fallopian
tube to fertilise the secondary
oocytes

51
Q

why is there a lot of mitochondria found in a muscle cell?

A

Requires a lot of energy to
contract and relax to enable
movement and flight

51
Q

why is there a lot of mitochondria found in a plant meristem cell?

A

Requires a lot of energy to carry
out active cell division process
to produce new cells

52
Q

why is there a lot of chloroplast found in a palisade mesophyll cell?

A

Absorbs more sunlight to
carry out the process of
photosynthesis

53
Q

why is there a lot of chloroplast found in a spongy mesophyll cell?

A

Absorbs more sunlight to
carry out the process of
Spongy mesophyll cell photosynthesis

54
Q

why is there a lot of RER & golgi apparatus found in a pancreatic cell?

A

Increases synthesis and
secretion of digestive enzymes

54
Q

why is there a lot of RER & golgi apparatus found in a goblet cell?

A

Produces mucus

55
Q

why is there a lot of RER & golgi apparatus found in a liver cell?

A

Metabolises carbohydrates

56
Q

what does endocrine system consist of?

A

endocrine
gland that secretes
hormones

57
Q

what does respiratory system consist of?

A

Trachea, nose, lungs and diaphragm

58
Q

what does male reproductive system consist of?

A

Testes, prostate gland and penis

59
Q

what does muscular system consist of?

A

Skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac
muscles

60
Q

what does lymphatic system consist of?

A

Spleen, lymph nodes and
lymph vessels

61
Q

what does nervous system consist of?

A

Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

61
Q

what does female reproductive system consist of?

A

Ovary, uterus, Fallopian tube, vagina
and cervix

62
Q

what does blood circulatory system consist of?

A

Heart, artery, vein and blood capillary

63
Q

what does digestive system consist of?

A

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas,
small intestine and large intestine

64
Q

what does urinary system consist of?

A

Kidney, ureter, urethra and bladder

65
Q

what does integumentary system consist of?

A

Skin

66
Q

what does skeletal system consist of?

A

Bone, cartilage, ligament and tendon

67
Q

what does shoot system consist of?

A

stems, leaves, shoots, flowers and fruits.

68
Q

function of skeletal system?

A

Supports the body, protects the internal
organs

69
Q

function of integumentary system?

A

Protects the body from physical injury,
infection and dehydration

70
Q

function of muscular system?

A

Contracts and relaxes to produce movements in
different parts of the body

71
Q

function of lymphatic system?

A

Maintains balance of bodily
fluids and prevents infectious
diseases

72
Q

function of male reproductive system?

A

Produces sperm and male sex
hormone

73
Q

function of female reproductive system?

A

Produces ovum and female sex
hormones

74
Q

function of endocrine system?

A

Coordinates body
activities with the
nervous system

75
Q

function of nervous system?

A

Detects and sends information in the body, as
well as coordinates body activities

76
Q

function of blood circulatory system?

A

Transports nutrients, respiratory gases and
waste products

77
Q

function of digestive system?

A

Digests food into a simpler form for easy
absorption

78
Q

function of urinary system?

A

Eliminates waste products such as urea and
uric acid from the body

79
Q

function of respiratory system?

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases
between the body and external environment

biology (6 decks)

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