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OBGYN > brain, skeleton, NTD, lung specific > Flashcards

brain, skeleton, NTD, lung specific Flashcards

1
Q

brachycephaly association

A

trisomy 21

round, short head

BPD increases GA

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2
Q

dolichocephaly BPD __ GA

A

decreases

long, narrow head

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3
Q

strawberry sign head association

A

trisomy 18

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4
Q

lemon sign head association

A

spina bifida

bilat concavity of front head

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5
Q

cloverleaf skull association

A

isolated OR skeletal dysplasia

aka craniosynostosis

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6
Q

spalding sign head association

A

fetal demise

flattened, misshapen head with overlapping sutures

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7
Q

neural tube fuses by __ GA

A

6w

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8
Q

encephaly aka

A

cranial NTDs

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9
Q

absence of calvarium (skull) with presence of varying amounts of brain tissue

A

exencephaly

severe open NTD

++ MSAFP, acetylcholinesterase

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10
Q

absence of calvarium (skull) and forebrain

A

anencephaly

severe open NTD

++ MSAFP, acetylcholinesterase

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11
Q

anencephaly = failure of neural tube to close at __ end

A

cephalic

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12
Q

anencephaly associations

A

myeloschisis/ rachiscisis

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13
Q

anencephaly vs. acephaly

A

acephaly is absence of whole head

anencephaly is absence of forebrain and skull

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14
Q

brain tissue through fissure in occiput so brain and spinal cord occupy a single cavity

A

iniencephaly

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15
Q

iniencephaly = defect in occipital bone with enlarged ++

A

foramen magnum

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16
Q

which encephaly will demonstrate cervical hyperextension and difficulty locating T and C spinal components

A

iniencephaly

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17
Q

herniation of brain tissue via defect in skull; can be symmetrical or asymmetrical, open or closed

A

encephalocele

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18
Q

cause for asymmetric encephalocele

A

amniotic band syndrome

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19
Q

encephalocele with polydactyly and a form of renal cystic dysplasia

A

meckel-gruber syndrome

ddx trisomy 13

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20
Q

what is the communication between the 3rd and 4th ventricles of the fetal brain

A

cerebral aqueduct

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21
Q

CPC usually normal and regress, but associated with trisomy __

A

18

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22
Q

general term for enlargement of cerebral ventricles

A

ventriculomegaly

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23
Q

normal lat vent measurement

A

<10mm

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24
Q

enlarged ventricle allowing choroid plexus to move toward gravity dependent portion of the brain

A

dangling choroid sign

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25
Q

what is the normal angle of the choroid plexus

A

20-25 ^

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26
Q

dangling choroid sign associated with __

A

hydrocephalus due to obstruciton

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27
Q

ventricular dilatation due to obstruction between site of CSF production and absorption

A

hydrocephalus

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28
Q

one of the most common causes for hydrocephalus

A

aqueductal stenosis

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29
Q

sono features of aqueductal stenosis

A

dilated lat vent and 3rd vent

normal 4th vent and CM

30
Q

cerebellum and brain stem displaced inferiorly toward foramen magnum; effectively obliterating CM

A

arnold-chiari II malformation

31
Q

arnold-chiari II malformation accompanies what NTD

A

myelomeningocele

32
Q

enlargement of occipital horn of lat vent due to underdevelopment of surrounding brain tissues

A

colpocephaly

‘empty head’

33
Q

colpocephaly associated with __

A

agenesis of corpus callosum

34
Q

maldevelopment of forebrain resulting in a range of ML cerebral and facial abnormalities

A

holoprosencephaly

  • forebrain = prosencephalon = cerebral hemispheres, thalami, hypothalamus
35
Q

holoprosencephaly association

A

trisomy 13

36
Q

causes for holoprosencephaly

A

inheritance

TORCH

gest DM

37
Q

types of holoprosencephaly

A

alobar - no lobes, no horns

semi lobar - some lobes, some horns

lobar - most lobes, most horns
* fused, dilated

38
Q

absence of CSP, fused thalami, absent falx, ML facial defects

A

holoprosencephaly

39
Q

ventriculomegaly characterized by near total or total absence of cerebral cortex

A

hydranencephaly (aka hydrancephaly)

‘water filled head without brain’

40
Q

which destructive cerebral lesion preserves vascularization of posterior fossa

A

hydranencephaly

41
Q

cystic cavities within brain communicating with ventricles, subarachnoid space, or both

A

porencephaly

‘passage within brain’

42
Q

causes for porencephaly

A

infection, trauma, mat sickness, gest DM, FASD

43
Q

clefts in fetal brain connecting the lat vents to subarachnoid space

A

schizencephaly

‘splits in brain’

44
Q

abnormal post fossa of the fetal brain accompanied by dilatation of 4th vent, enlarged CM, hypoplasia or agenesis of vermis

A

dandy-walker malformation

45
Q

upward displacement of tentorium cerebelli (hiatus)

A

dandy-walker cyst

46
Q

dandy-walker malformation association

A

trisomy 18

47
Q

dandy-walker malformation vs. variant

A

variant = partial agenesis of vermis WITHOUT cystic dilatation of 4th vent

48
Q

CM measurement

A

2-11 m

mega CM considered a normal variant if vermis present

49
Q

banana sign aka

A

‘obliteration of CM’

cerebellum pressing against occipital bone and absence of CSF in CM

50
Q

obliteration of CM, banana sign, lemon sign =

A

arnold chiari II malformation

51
Q

hypoplasia of cerebellum association

A

trisomy 18

52
Q

AVF between enlarged vein of Galen and normal cerebral arteries

A

vein of galen malformation

53
Q

vein of galen malformation association

A

cardiovascular dysfunction
ie cardiomegaly

54
Q

CSF filled sacs in subarachnoid space (adj to brain or spinal cord)

A

arachnoid cysts

55
Q

failure of corpus callosum to develop association

A

dandy-walker malformation

56
Q

thick, flat bundle of nerve fibres connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

allows for interhemispheric communication

develops between 12-18w GA

57
Q

CSP will not form if the __ doesn’t

A

corpus callosum

58
Q

periventricular calcifications are more commonly associated with __

A

fetal infection

TORCH (esp cytomegalovirus)

59
Q

low HC:AC
high FL:HC

A

microcephaly

60
Q

zika virus will cause

A

microcephaly among other issues

61
Q

high HC:AC
low FL:HC

A

macrocephaly

62
Q

sono features of FASD

A

can be normal

IUGR

VSD, ASD

facial abnormalities

limb abnormalities

63
Q

what facial defects can be detected from mid sagittal plane

A

frontal bossing

proboscis

flat/absent NB

macroglossia

micrognathia

64
Q

what facial defects can be detected from coronal plane

A

cleft lip

cebocephaly (one nostril)

cyclopia

hypotelorism/ hypertelorism

etmocephaly

cebocephaly

65
Q

severe hypotelorism with proboscis-like nose and single nostril

A

cebocephaly

66
Q

severe hypotelorism with arrhinia, proboscis ML and low set ears

A

ethnocephaly

67
Q

which facial abnormality is associated with holoprosencephaly

A

ethnocephaly

68
Q

median cleft lip association

A

trisomy 13

69
Q

lethal skeletal dysplasia characterized by micromelia and macrocephaly with decreased thoracic circumference

A

thanotophoric dysplasia

70
Q

macroglossia associated with which syndromes (2)

A

beckwith-wiedemann syndrome

trisomy 21

71
Q

micrognathia association

A

trisomy 13

72
Q

nasal bone measurement

A

<2.5 mm

OBGYN (8 decks)

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