Faking: pretending and deceiving

Question 1

What are he similarities between pretending and believing?

Answer 1

Partial logical similarity
•pretending/believing ( the pen is a microphone)

Social embeddedness
•pretending/believing both part of social routines

Question 2

What are the differences between pretending and believing?

Answer 2

Age at which they develop
•pretending and participating with smiles in others pretending form around 18 months (liliard 2004) teasing others from earlier (reddy)
• believing - expectations of events from 2-4 months, negation from the 2nd year, predicting false believing from 4 years

Alleged cognitive pre-requisites
• pretending - decoupling (leslie)/ symbolic representation (piaget)
• believing - meta representation (pemer)

Question 3

What does pretending Involve?

Answer 3

Pretending with gestures and social agreements seems to happen more than half a year earlier than pretending about the meaning of things

Teasing and cheekiness are informative about pretence as well as about deception

Question 4

Give an example of symbolic representational abilities (Piaget)

Answer 4

I can pretend this pen is a gun because I make it stand for gun

Question 5

Give and example of de-coupling abilities (Leslie 1987)

Answer 5

I know this pen is a pen but also for the moment I pretend it’s a gun

Question 6

Give an example of vygotsky 1934 hypothesis of interest in joining in

Answer 6

I pretend this pen is a gun because daddy uses it has guns

Question 7

Olson 1988 suggested what about children aged 4

Answer 7

It is hats stage with the development of TOM that they become deliberate and self-conscious

Playing tricks secrets and lies

Question 8

According to lippard 1988 what are types of deception? 7 in total

Answer 8

Lies 81.2%
Half truth 4%
Exaggeration 5.2%
Withholding information 6.4%
Cheating 4%
Stealing 5%
Hiding behaviour 2.1%

Question 9

What are common motivations in adult deception?

Answer 9

Resources 
Affiliation
Self-protection
Conflict avoidance 
Protection of others 
Manipulation of other
Obligation-excuse
Joke

Question 10

What are some types of lies in 3 year olds motivated by avoiding criticism?

Answer 10

False denial 
False nothing
False blame 
False excuses 
Feigned ignorance

Question 11

Types of lies in 3yr olds motivated by affiliation?

Answer 11

Tricks
False stories
False boast

Question 12

What did nakayama 2010 report on fake crying

Answer 12

Child will cry until she observes mother coming over and then stops when picked up