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AHW RESIT > Farming > Flashcards

Farming Flashcards

1
Q

Registering land

A

Country Parish Holding (CPH)

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2
Q

What counts as livestock?

A

any creature kept for production of wool, fur, skins or for purpose of its use for farming of land

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3
Q

Number of livestock allowed before a CPH is needed

A

1x cattle, deer, sheep, goats, pigs
50x poultry
Camelids do not need a CPH

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4
Q

What is a holding in terms to the registration process

A

Herd register for farm records

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5
Q

What types of movements onto and off of CPHs have to be reported and recorded

A

One farm to another
To market
To a show
To a slaughterhouse

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6
Q

What livestock movement is exempt from standstill restrictions during outbreaks?

A

Animals going directly to slaughter

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7
Q

What is the purpose of a temporary CPH (tCPH)

A

for land/buildings used for livestock for less than 1 year
tCPH only lasts 1 year

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8
Q

What does the BCMS do?

A

Maintain online database of all bovine animals in the UK

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9
Q

What type of tag/ID do sheep need that cattle and goats do not

A

Electronic identifier (EID)

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10
Q

Which sheep and goats do not need individual unique identifiers

A

Younger than 1 year

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11
Q

What does the livestock information service do

A

Reports and tracks movement for all species

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12
Q

How are deer uniquely identified

A

Ear tags

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13
Q

How are pigs identified

A

Ear tag or tattoo

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14
Q

How are poultry identified

A

Wing or leg bands

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15
Q

What is the legal position for camelids in terms of identification

A

Camelids are listed as non-bovine animals and therefore do not require individual identification.

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16
Q

Ageing sheep using teeth

A

First 2 incisors ~ 1 yr 3 months
Incisors 3+4 ~ 1yr 9 months
Incisors 5+6 ~ 2yr 3 months
Incisors 7+8 ~ 2yr 9 months

A sheep with a full mouth is 4 years old

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17
Q

Types of farm

A

Commercial:
Farming is a principle job and main source of income
Pedigree/crossbreeds
Intensive/extensive
‘Family’/business

Small holders and hobby farms:
Farming is a lifestyle choice or hobby
Primary income earned away from the farm

Pet Farm Animals:
1 or 2 animals on a small holding or a ‘special’ animal on a commercial unit
Treated like pet
All legislation still applies

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18
Q

Role of farmers

A

Employers:
agriculture, tourism, renewable energy
Environmental guardians:
‘maintaining’ countryside, environmental stewardship schemes
Food producers

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19
Q

Closed herds/flocks

A

No external introductions to herd or flock, all replacements are homebred
Stock prevented from encountering stock from a different farm
If they have to buy/hire in: known disease/vaccination status, accredited free herds, quarantined

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20
Q

Trends in farming

A

Herd number decreasing
Herd size increasing
Production efficiency increasing
Reduced staffing
Increased technology uptake (automated processes)
Increased knowledge/skills of farmers

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21
Q

Role of farm vet

A

Individual farm level:
Population medicine - treating herds rather than individuals
Data analysis
Communication - coaching/adviser, ongoing relationships
Staff/professional training

National/international level:
link between industry and government
representing and supporting the farming industry
Disease surveillance

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22
Q

Key components of herd health planning and preventative medicine

A

Increased understanding of the health of livestock and its effect on production costs and business income
Increased earlier recognition and identification of illness and link to changes in husbandry
Increased prioritisation of the risks to the health of livestock through injury, toxins and infections
A responsible approach to the use of pharmaceuticals in livestock

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23
Q

How much of the UK’s land does agriculture use?

A

65%
23 million acres
9.34 million hectares

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24
Q

fav ass?

A

Employs 70% of the UKs workforce (476,000)
Contributes £10 billion

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25
Q

Arable vs grassland split

A

third of agricultural land is arable and the rest is grassland for grazing livestock

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26
Q

Crop split during growing season

A

Around half the arable area is cereal crops, of which more than 70% is wheat, followed by barley

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27
Q

Number of Cattle, Pigs, Sheep and Poultry in the UK

A

Cattle - 4.5 million
Pigs - 9.9 million
Sheep - 31 million
Poultry - 163 million

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28
Q

Factors that limit the need for increased food production

A

limited availability of land
depletion of natural resources such as water and soils
climate change

29
Q

What is a ‘grass-based’ system

A

Where the cows are extensively grazed to take advantage of the British climate, which is generally warm, wet and ideally suited to growing grass
Also known as ‘traditional farming’

30
Q

Size of dairy farming in the UK

A

Largest sector in the UK at 17% of UK farming

31
Q

Where in the UK are dairy farms mostly found

A

Along a band predominantly on the west
Dairy farms require higher quality land and are typically found on flatter lowland farms in regions of good rainfall to grow sufficient grass

32
Q

Dairy Farm Year Round Housing

A

Cattle live in modern, well ventilated and lit cattle sheds
Contain loafing areas, cow grooming brushes, fans and water sprinklers for comfort and welfare.
Some have areas for exercise and socialising
Benefits include providing a consistent and balanced feed ration and the ability to employ robotic milking systems.

33
Q

What happens to male calves born in the UK dairy industry

A

They are sold and raised as beef animals.
Some dairy farmers also used sexed semen to make sure more female dairy calves are born
Approximately half the british beef herd is made up of males from the dairy industry

34
Q

Location of Beef and Sheep farms

A

Beef and sheep farms are often located on poorer quality land such as upland and hill areas.
These farms tend to follow a pattern towards the north and west as they can cope with less favourable areas e.g. more wind, cooler summers, more rain, thinner soils.

35
Q

What is meant by the term ‘extensive’ in farming

A

The animals are predominantly out at pasture, although they may be housed over the winter or for intensive periods of work like lambing

36
Q

How do suckler herds work?

A

where calves are reared by their mothers until they’re weaned at around 6-8 months, then fattened for slaughter

37
Q

Finishing Herds

A

Where weaned cattle are fed a diet to get them ready for slaughter.
Beef finishing has 3 categories: intensive (12-15 month finishing), semi-intensive (15-20 months) and extensive (more than 20 months)
Intensive - reliant on concentrates
Semi-intensive - periods at grass, housed finishing period
Extensive - based on forage and grass

38
Q

Store production herds

A

where young animals are grown slowly using relativley cheap home-grown crops. Buying in calves and selling them as stores is now the most common system in the UK

39
Q

How many beef cattle in the UK

A

9.4 million

40
Q

Sheep farming categories

A

Hill, upland and lowland
Most farms only house sheep during lambing, and sometimes fattening and milking
Hill or upland flocks may choose not be housed for lambing, instead they provide more shelter or move them to lower, more sheltered land

41
Q

Typical process after lambing

A

Lambing ewes and lambs are turned out to pasture and are typically weaned at 12-14 weeks.
Most lambs spend their lives on pasture and can be ‘finished’ for slaughter between 3-10 months

42
Q

How many sheep and lambs in the UK

A

33 million

43
Q

Outdoor Pig and Piglet Housing

A

Outdoor: kept in groups with individual bedded huts for shelter with straw to build a nest (arc)
Piglets movement is restricted for the first 1-2 weeks by a barrier around the entrance to keep them in the warm arc

44
Q

Pig housing before and after birth

A

Sows are put in farrowing housing up to a week before birth where they remain until the piglets are weaned at around 28 days

45
Q

Indoor pig and piglet housing

A

Indoor: houses the pigs all year round. aggression can be an issue without enrichment, individual sow stalls have been banned since 1999. Many pig farms still use farrowing crates which prevent sows from turning around and potentially crushing piglets. Most pigs are moved indoor for growing/finished after weaning, only 3% of pigs spend their whole lives outdoors.

46
Q

Free-range requirements

A

Continuous daytime access to outdoors, nest boxes, adequate perches and floor space.
All free range hens come into a barn at night to protect them from predators

47
Q

What % of egg production is free range

A

64%

48
Q

Caged Layer systems

A

Comprise 36% of UK egg production
Each colony cage provides space for perching, a scratching area.
Trough fitted to the front of the cage for food and water
Environment is kept at even temp, well ventilated and lighting provides optimum day lengths
No access to roaming areas or the outdoors

49
Q

Barn Layer Systems

A

only ~2% use this
Allows hens to move freely around the barn without access to outdoors
Litter on the floor makes up ~33% of the area and allows hens to scratch and dust bath
Also include nest boxes
Water and feeding troughs are raised so formulated feed is not scattered
Electrical lighting for optimum day length
Access to outdoors using ‘popholes’

50
Q

Are battery cages still in use in the UK

A

No, battery cages have been banned since 2012

51
Q

Broiler Farms Structure + Design

A

Reared in large, closed building with controlled temp, lighting, ventilation, food and water
Food and water is provided in lines along the length of the building
Wood shavings cover the floor
House 25,000 birds within a building in an intensive
Birds are stocked at a high enough density to prevent agoraphobia but with enough space to exhibit normal behaviours and reduce disease transmission
Very few broiler farms have access to outdoors

52
Q

Arable farming link to livestock farming

A

Arable farming provides a food source for livestock such as maize (silage) or fodder crops (kale, cabbages etc.) Much of the rejects and by-products from human production is used for animal feed.

53
Q

Annual production of oats, potatoes, barley, sugar beet, wheat

A

Oats = 1.1 million tonnes
Potatoes = 5.3 million tonnes
Barley = 6 million tonnes
Sugar beet = 7.6 million tonnes
Wheat = 15 million tonnes

54
Q

Organic Farming

A

Organic food is the product of a farming system which avoids the use of man-made fertilisers, pesticides, growth regulators and livestock feed additives (DEFRA)
Organic farms rely on crop rotation, animal and plant manure, hand weeding and biological pest control
Animals must not be tail docked, de-beaked or teeth clipped.
No prophylactic medicines or antibiotics, limited but vaccination and artificial insemination are permitted.
Disease risk is managed through breed selection for disease resistance, high quality feeds, exercise and lower stock densities.

55
Q

Who is responsible for monitoring farm assurance schemes

A

The FOOD STANDARDS AGENCY (FSA) monitor whether communications and claims made by assurance schemes are accurate

56
Q

Red Tractor Scheme

A

UKs biggest farm and food assurance scheme.
They have standards that cover animal welfare, food safety, traceability and environmental protection for each industry

57
Q

Farming Industry Bodies

A

Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) - protects the heath and welfare of animals, as well as the general public from disease

Rural Payments Agency (RPA) - Works closely with Natural England and the Forestry Commission who are responsible for authorising payments for schemes

British Cattle Movement Service (BCMS) - maintains a database of all bovine animals in the UK

Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB) - aims to enhance farm business efficiency and competitiveness

58
Q

Farming trade associations in each industry

A

NSA = nation sheep association
NPA = national pig association
NBA = national beef asssociation
BPC = british poultry council
BMC = british milk council

59
Q

Why are pigs typically not castrated

A

Uncastrated males tend to have stronger flavoured meat called ‘taint’

60
Q

Benefit of castration on farms

A

Entire males become stressed more easily and are typically more aggressive to humans and their own species.
Castrated males are much easier and sager to handle
Castration removes the risk of unwanted sexual activity

61
Q

When should disbudding in sheep and calves

A

Sheep: 3 days old (no later than 10)
Calves: between 2-6 weeks

62
Q

Why are sheep tail docked

A

To prevent problems with fly strike - faeces accumulates in the wool around the tail leading to fly larva infestation which then eat away at the soft tissue

63
Q

When can pigs be tail docked

A

As a last resort to prevent ‘tail-biting’ after improvement to the pigs environment and other option have been ineffective

64
Q

Where are pig and chicken farms typically located

A

In yorkshire, east england and north-east scotland due to relatively dry climates

65
Q

Carbon in cows

A

Taken in from the pasture and soil
CO2 is taken back into soil and pasture

66
Q

Farming sources of nitrous oxide

A

Direct soil emissions from farmland fertilisation
Manure management
Aquaculture
Agri-residue burning

67
Q

Animal based proteins nutritional components

A

Complete proteins/contain all 9 essential amino acids (histidine, lysine, valine etc.)
Supplies vitamin B12, D3, zinc and heme iron
Good sources of vitamin A and omega-3 fatty acids
Sources of creatine, carnosine and taurine which are important for muscle function
Source of iodine for thyroid function
Calcium and phosphorus (correct ratio for absorption)
Nutrient dense which helps against malnourishment

68
Q

Implication of no animal agriculture

A

Lack of ‘food security’
Risk of exotic disease to human and native animals
Welfare of transporting live animals long distances
Risk of ‘lack of traceability’ of animals/products
Products coming from countries with low welfare standards
Risk of antimicrobial resistance spread
Higher carbon footprint
Increase in food price
More housing and building developements

69
Q

The future of farming

A

Regenerative agriculture - avoid monoculture, responsible grazing, minimise soil intervention
Dual purpose animals and genomic testing - breeding for health and welfare
Research, spread info, communication - educating and engaging
Reverse the commoditisation and industrialisation of retail systems - shorter supply chains, accountability, assurance

AHW RESIT (13 decks)

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