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APES > Feeding the World - Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Feeding the World - Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Undernutrition

A

The condition in which not enough calories are ingested to maintain health.

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2
Q

Malnutrition

A

Having a diet that lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.

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3
Q

Food Security

A

A condition in which people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an active and healthy life.

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4
Q

Famine

A

The condition in which food insecurity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a relatively short period.

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5
Q

Anemia

A

A deficiency of iron.

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6
Q

Overnutrition

A

Ingestion of too many calories and a lack of balance of foods and nutrients.

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7
Q

Industrial Agriculture

A

Agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization.

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8
Q

Energy Subsidy

A

The fossil fuel energy and human energy input per calorie of food produced.

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9
Q

Green Revolution

A

A shift in agricultural practices in the twentieth century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, and that resulted in increased food output.

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10
Q

Mechanization

A

work done by machines, such as plowing, planting, irrigating, weeding, protecting from pests, harvesting, preparing for next season.

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11
Q

Economic of Scale

A

The observation that average costs of production fall as output increases.

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12
Q

Compaction

A

reduces the permeability of soil to water and air, if the soil is subjected to pressure, pore spaces can collapse, decreasing pore space

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13
Q

Waterlogging

A

A form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods.

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14
Q

Soil Salinization

A

Soil salinization is the buildup of salt in surface soil layers

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15
Q

Commercial Inorganic Fertilizer

A

Commercially prepared mixture of plant nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates, and potassium applied to the soil to restore fertility and increase crop yields.

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16
Q

Animal Manure

A

Poop and urine of animals used as a form of organic fertilizer.

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17
Q

Green Manure

A

Freshly cut or still-growing green vegetation that is plowed into the soil to increase the organic matter and humus available to support crop growth.

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18
Q

Compost

A

Partially decomposed organic plant and animal matter used as a soil conditioner or fertilizer.

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19
Q

Monocropping (monoculture)

A

An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety.

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20
Q

Pesticides

A

A substance, either natural or synthetic, that kills or controls organisms that people consider pests.

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21
Q

Insecticides

A

A pesticide that targets species of insects and other invertebrates that consume crops.

22
Q

Broad-spectrum pesticides

A

A pesticide that kills many different types of pest.

23
Q

Biological Pest Control

A

A method of pest control that involves the use of naturally occurring disease organisms, parasites, or predators to control pests

24
Q

Boomerang Effect

A

banned chemicals end up back in US on food grown in other countries

25
Q

Pesticide Treadmill

A

A cycle of pesticide development, followed by pest resistance, followed by new pesticide development.

26
Q

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

A

The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is the Federal statute that governs the registration, distribution, sale, and use of pesticides in the United States.

27
Q

Food Quality Protection Act

A

Is designed to ensure that levels of pesticide residues in food meet strict standards for public health protection.

28
Q

Genetically Modified Food (GMO)

A

An organism produced by copying genes from a species with a desirable trait and inserting them into another species.

29
Q

Bt Gene

A

gene that codes for a toxin used against insect pest

30
Q

Conventional Agriculture

A

agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization

31
Q

Shifting Agriculture

A

An agricultural method in which land is cleared and used for a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients.

32
Q

Slash-and-burn agriculture

A

Cutting down trees and other vegetation in a patch of forest, leaving the cut vegetation on the ground to dry, and then burning it.

33
Q

Desertification

A

productive potential of land falls by 10% or more because of a combination of natural drought from climate change and human activities that reduce or degrade topsoil

34
Q

Intercropping

A

type of polyculture. two or more different crops grown at the same time in a plot

35
Q

Crop Rotation

A

reduces nutrient depletion by alternating heavy nutrient users (corn, cotton, tobacco) with nutrient producers (legumes with nitrogen-fixing bacteria)

36
Q

Agroforestry

A

An agricultural technique in which trees and vegetables are intercropped.

37
Q

Contour Plowing

A

An agricultural technique in which plowing and harvesting are done parallel to the topographic contours of the land

38
Q

No-till Agriculture

A

An agricultural method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons as a means of reducing topsoil erosion.

39
Q

Polyculture

A

many different plants are planted together, produces much higher yields then monoculture. ( up to about 20 different plants)

40
Q

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

A

An agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs.

41
Q

Organic Agriculture

A

Production of crops without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.

42
Q

CAFO

A

A large indoor or outdoor structure designed for maximum output. (concentrated animal feeding operation)

43
Q

Artificial Growth Hormone (rBGH or rBST)

A

Used in feed lots; causes kids to go into puberty early.

44
Q

Free-range Meat

A

Meat from animals that do not eat corn; opposite of CAFO; meat that grazes on rangeland.

45
Q

Fishery

A

A commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region.

46
Q

Fishery Collapse

A

The decline of a fish population by 90 percent or more.

47
Q

Bycatch

A

The unintentional catch of nontarget species while fishing.

48
Q

Individual Transferable Quotas

A

A fishery management program in which individual fishers are given a total allowable catch of fish in a season that they can either catch or sell. (ITQ)

49
Q

Aquaculture

A

Farming aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds.

50
Q

Annual

A

A plant that lives only one season.

51
Q

Perennial

A

A plant that lives for multiple years.

APES (10 decks)

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