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Microanatomy 2 > Female Repro > Flashcards

Female Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What does the female reproductive system consist of

A

A pair of Ovaries
A pair of Fallopian tubes
External Genitalia
Mamary Glands

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2
Q

Ovary

A

Produce ova and
hormones: estrogen, progesterone

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3
Q

What type of epithelium covers the ovaries

A

Covered by simple cuboidal epithelium called germinal epithelium
(misnomer because this does not give rise to germ cells, which are derived from yolk sac endoderm and instead gives rise to follicular cells which surrounds the ova)

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4
Q

What type of tissue lies beneath the germinal epithelium of the ovary

A

Below the epithelium is tunica albuginea consisting of dense connective tissue

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5
Q

How is the parenchyma of the ovary divided into

A

Cortex
Medulla

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6
Q

Cortex of the Ovary

A

Contains follicles with germ cells (ova) in different stages of development

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7
Q

Medulla of the Ovary

A

Medulla contains blood vessels (note, this arrangement is true for all domestic species except the mare

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8
Q

Ovary arrangement of cows

A

Cortex in periphery, medulla in the center, cortex is covered by germinal epithelium and ovulation can occur at any point on cortex surface

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9
Q

Ovary Arrangement of mares

A

The medulla is located at the periphery, the cortical tissue in the center, and the germinal epithelium is restricted to a small area located ventrally called ovulation fossa.

Hence, ovulation in the mare occurs only at the ovulation fossa, in contrast to other species where it can occur anywhere on the surface of the ovary.

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10
Q

parts of the Fallopian/uterine Tubes and function

A

infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus
Site of fertilization and embryo development

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11
Q

External Genitalia

A

vagina
vestibule
vulva
site of copulation

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12
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Primordial germ cells (spermatogonia) remain dormant until puberty, at which time they begin to divide in a cycle, whose duration is species-specific.

Meiosis-I and meiosis-II are completed before spermiation (release of sperm); spermatids undergo metamorphosis; and spermatogenesis may continue throughout life.

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13
Q

How many spermatozoa is produced by 1 spermatogonium during each cycle of spermatogenesis

A

Theoretically, each spermatogonium gives rise to 64 spermatozoa during each cycle of spermatogenesis.

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14
Q

why is Oogenesis different from spermatogenesis

A

Primordial germ cells have completed their proliferation in the early embryonal stage; in other words, females are born with a fixed number of ova, which have already entered meiosis 1, but their further development is arrested until puberty.

Hence, all female germ cells have already reached oocyte-1 stage by birth.

Ootids (analogous to spermatids) do not undergo metamorphosis

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15
Q

How many ovum does one oogonium give rise to

A

One oogonium gives rise to only one ovum.

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16
Q

When is Meiosis I completed for most females

A

Meiosis-I is completed in the ovary just before ovulation

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17
Q

Where is Meiosis I completed for mares and dogs

A

It is completed in the fallopian tubes just after ovulation

Hence, the ovulated egg is oocyte-1 in the dog and mare, and oocyte-2 in all other domestic species.

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18
Q

When/where is Meiosis II completed for females

A

Meiosis-II is completed after sperm penetration in all species

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19
Q

When does Oogenesis stop

A

Oogenesis ceases after the ovary is exhausted of germ cells

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20
Q

What age does Oogenesis stop for dog

A

At 10 to 12 years of age

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21
Q

What age does Oogenesis stop for cattle

A

At 14-16 years of age

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22
Q

What age does Oogenesis stop for mares

A

at 20-22 years in the mare

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23
Q

What age does Oogenesis stop for Women

A

At 45-50 years in the woman

(this means that some ova can remain in the oocyte I stage for 50 years)

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24
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle

A

Follicular
Luteal

which are interrupted by ovulation

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25
Q

The Follicular phase of the Ovarian cycle

A

Follicular phase involves development of follicles

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26
Q

Luteal Phase of the ovarian cycle

A

Luteal phase involves development of the corpus luteum.

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27
Q

Different types of Follicles of the ovary

A

Primordial
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary (Mature)

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28
Q

What is Primordial Follicle

A

Smallest, inactive, congregated in the periphery of the cortex.

The numbers of primordial follicles in the cattle may be roughly 100,000 at puberty, but these numbers continue to decrease with age.

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29
Q

How are Primordial Follicles distributed

A

They are evenly distributed in the bovine or in groups in carnivores

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30
Q

What do Primordial Follicles consist of

A

Consist of oocyte-I

(usually one in each follicle in cattle and mares, but may be two or more in carnivores, porcine and rabbit)

Which is surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells

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31
Q

What is Primary Follicle

A

Represents the activated primordial follicle

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32
Q

What does the Activation of the primary follicle involve

A

The activation involves:

1.rapid growth of oocyte-I

  1. proliferation of follicular cells that can form one or many layers of cuboidal cells also called membrana granulosa cells,
  2. Formation of zona pellucida (ZP)
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33
Q

What is membrana granulosa cells

A

One or many layers of cuboidal cells formed by the proliferation of follicular cells

34
Q

What is Zona pellucida (ZP)

A

A mucopolysaccharide coat interposed between the oocyte and membrana granulosa cells

(note, ZP is the site for sperm binding, which is species-specific, meaning that sperm from a bull will not bind with the ZP of the mare follicle).

35
Q

How do primary follicles turn to secondary

A

The change from the primary follicle to secondary follicle involves further proliferation of granulosa cells (same as follicular cells);

36
Q

What is Secondary Follicle

A

An appearance in the granulosa cells of small space, which coalesce to form a large cavity called antrum

And differentiation of connective tissue surrounding the follicular cells into theca interna (cellular and vascular) and theca externa (fibrous).

37
Q

What is the antrum

A

Contains fluid (liquor folliculi) secreted by granulosa cells

38
Q

What do theca cells secrete

A

Theca interna cells secrete androgens, which diffuse into follicular cells and are aromatized into estrogen

Meaning that granulosa cells contain aromatase enzyme that converts androgens into estrogen.

This conversion of androgens into estrogen is called two-cell mechanism of estrogen secretion).

39
Q

What is Tertiary ( mature follicle)

A

Final stage of folliculogenesis and involves re-initiation of meiosis-I

  1. The largest follicle, cyst like,
  2. 10 mm or more in diameter
  3. Possesses a voluminous antrum that is surrounded from inside to outside by membrana granulose cells
  4. Glassy membrane (basement membrane), theca interna, and theca externa
40
Q

Where can tertiary follicles be found

A

Protrudes deep into the cortical tissue and extending over the surface of the ovary

41
Q

What are Corona radiata

A

Membrana granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte are called corona radiata

42
Q

What are Cumulus Oophorus

A

Membrana granulosa cells connecting the oocyte with the wall of the antrum form a hillock called cumulus oophorus.

43
Q

Describe hormonal control during the follicular phase of ovarian cycle

A
  1. Gonadotropic-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus causes the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland.

2.FSH stimulates proliferation of granulosa cells

3.Hormones secreted by granulosa cells(estrogen, activin, inhibin) regulate FSH secretion by negative feedback

4.Just before ovulation, the level of estrogen peaks, which triggers LH surge that is essential to complete meiosis-I and to initiate ovulation (without LH surge, ovulation is inhibited).

5.Note positive feedback between the high level of estrogen and LH secretion,

44
Q

What do granulosa cells secrete

A

Estrogen

Granulosa cells also secrete inhibin and activin, both hormones regulate FSH secretion by negative feed-back.

45
Q

Two Cell Mechanism of Estrogen secretion

A

slide 16

46
Q

Similarity of theca cells and leydig cells

A

(remember two cell-mechanism of estrogen secretion; actually, androgen secretion by theca cells is like androgen secretion by Leydig cells in males and is similarly under the control of LH).

47
Q

Negative Feedback between the low estrogen level and LH and FSH secretion

A

While inhibin down-regulates FSH secretion, activin up-regulates FSH.

Estrogen in low concentration down-regulates both FSH and LH,

Inhibin-FSH loop that plays a more important role in FSH regulation in both males and females.

48
Q

Positive feedback between the high level of estrogen and LH secretion

A
49
Q

When does the Level of Estrogen Peak

A

Just before ovulation

50
Q

What and when does a surge of LH occur

A

Just before ovulation, the level of estrogen peaks, which triggers LH surge that is essential to complete meiosis-I and to initiate ovulation

51
Q

What happens without a surge of LH

A

Without LH surge, ovulation is inhibited

52
Q

What is Ovulation

A

Involves rupture of the mature follicle followed by the release of oocyte-II (all species except dog) or oocyte-I (dog)

  1. Into the infundibulum
  2. Then goes to the Ampulla (fertilization)
  3. LH Surge Initiates ovulation
53
Q

What type of epithelium covers the infundibulum

A

A funnel-like structure lined by pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

54
Q

How does the oocyte go from infundibulum to ampulla

A

The ciliary action propels the oocyte into the ampulla, where it is fertilized.

55
Q

What initiates Ovulation

A

Ovulation is initiated by LH surge, which is spontaneous in cattle, sheep, goat, horse, pig, and dog (spontaneous ovulators), but requires coital stimulation in the cat, rabbit, ferret, mink, camel, llama, and alpaca (induced ovulators).

56
Q

What do induced Ovulator

A

Note, induced ovulators also require exposure to estrogen peak before copulation can induce LH surge

57
Q

Besides the LH surge, what else facilitates ovulation

A

Ovulation is facilitated by increased intrafollicular liquid pressure, weakening of the follicular wall, and enzymatic action of the follicular cells.

58
Q

What does an ovulated egg look like/contain

A

The ovulated egg is round, is oocyte II invested by zona pellucida, has a pale nucleus, and contains mitochondria (source of maternal DNA), ER, dense granules, myelin-like structures in the cytoplasm.

59
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

Corpus Luteum develops from remnants of the ruptured follicles.

Under the influence of LH, granulose and theca interna cells proliferate to differentiate into granulosa luteal and theca luteal cells, respectively.

60
Q

What do Granulosa luteal cells and Theca luteal cells secrete

A

Both cells secrete progesterone and some estrogen, but granulosa luteal cells are larger and secrete more progesterone

61
Q

What causes regression of Corpus Luteum

A

Regression of CL occurs due to PGF2-alpha secreted by the uterus in the cattle, goats, sheep, horses, and pigs;

but PGF2-alpha has no role in CL regression in cats, dogs, and primates.

62
Q

For mares the Corpus luteum remains functional for only 170-190 days. what takes over after

A

The placenta takes over the function of CL in the mare

63
Q

What does the placenta do

A

Note, placenta secretes progesterone and estrogen in all species, regardless of whether the CL is maintained throughout pregnancy or for a part of the pregnancy

64
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum at the end of pregnancy or end of luteum phase

A

The CL at the end of the pregnancy or at the end of the luteal phase (in case pregnancy does not occur) degenerates and forms a mass of connective tissue called corpus albicans.

65
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs

A

If the pregnancy occurs, CL remains functional for the entire pregnancy in the cattle, dog, and pig, but remains functional for 170-190 days in the mare.

66
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur

A

If the pregnancy does not occur, Corpus Luteum remains active only for 9-12 days.

67
Q

Describe hormonal control of the luteal phase

A

LH is the luteotropic hormone for maintaining CL;

however, prolactin is the luteotropin in rodents.

Of the domestic species, sheep is the only species in which prolactin is considered luteotropic.

If pregnancy occurs, the life of the CL is extended.

If pregnancy does not occur, PGF2-alpha secreted by the uterus causes luteolysis at about 14 days post-ovulation in all domestic species, except in the dog and cat where the luteal phase is extended for 70 and 35 days, respectively

(note, PGF2-alpha has no physiological role in regressing CL in dogs and cats but can be used clinically to kill CL in both dogs and cats, as well as in all other domestic species).

68
Q

what is the luteotropic hormone for maintaining the corpus luteum in most animals

A

LH is the luteotropic hormone for maintaining CL

69
Q

what is the luteotropic hormone for maintaining the corpus luteum in rodents and sheep

A

Prolactin is the luteotropin in rodents and

Of the domestic species, sheep is the only species in which prolactin is considered luteotropic.

70
Q

If pregnancy occurs what happens during luteal phase for the corpus luteum

A

If pregnancy occurs, the life of the CL is extended.

71
Q

If pregnancy does not occur what happens during luteal phase for the corpus luteum

A

If pregnancy does not occur, PGF2-alpha secreted by the uterus causes luteolysis at about 14 days post-ovulation in all domestic species, except in the dog and cat where the luteal phase is extended for 70 and 35 days, respectively

72
Q

Role of PGF2-alpha

A

PGF2-alpha has no physiological role in regressing CL in dogs and cats but can be used clinically to kill CL in both dogs and cats, as well as in all other domestic species.

73
Q

Clin sig for progesterone

A

Progesterone has a negative feedback on FSH and LH; therefore, animals cannot cycle if they are under the influence of progesterone. Thus, it is not surprising that female contraceptive pills contain progesterone, and animals with retained CL fail to cycle.

74
Q

Follicular atresia

A

Involves degeneration of follicles, which can occur at any stage of folliculogenesis, but affects by far the most primordial follicles before or soon after birth.

75
Q

When does Massive atresia occur again after birth

A

occurs at senility.

76
Q

How is Atresia of the follicles is characterized by

A

Atresia of the follicles is characterized by disintegration of granulosa cells, shedding of these cells into the antrum, thickening of the glassy membrane, degeneration of the oocyte, and finally collapse of the follicle,

which is invaded by macrophages and is replaced by a mass of connective tissue called corpus atreticum

77
Q

Avian Ovary

A

Only left ovary is developed

78
Q

The Cortical zone of Avian Ovary

A

Cortical zone contains follicles at various stages of folliculogenesis; the growing follicle consists of theca externa, theca interna, membrana granulsoa, and oocyte I;

there is no antrum folliculi in avian.

79
Q

When does Ovulation occur for Avian species

A

Ovulation occurs when follicles reach a size of about 30 mm. No CL formation.

80
Q

Oviduct(Fallopian Tube)

A

Coiled tube serves to receive ova and facilitates fertilization and the earliest embryo development (up to blastula).

81
Q

What are the three regions of the oviduct

A

Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus

82
Q

Mucosa of the oviduct

A

Microanatomy 2 (6 decks)

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