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SBS 3 > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

bone structure that protects all female reproductive organs

A

Pelvis

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2
Q

What kind of tissue joins the structures inside the pelvic cavity

A

cartilage

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3
Q

Female external genitalia

A

vulva

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4
Q

Elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and pubic hair which cushions the symphysis pubis

A

Mons Pubis

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5
Q

Purpose for pubic hair

A

stimulation of the sexual organs

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6
Q

Covered by pubic hair, contains adipose tissue, sebaceous and apocrine glands, Homologous to the scrotum in males

A

Labia Major

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7
Q

Skin fold with no pubic hair or fat, has sebaceous glands, homologous to spongy urethra (corpus spongiosum) in males

A

Labia Minora

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8
Q

Cylindrical mass of female erectile tissue localized in the anterior junction of the labia minora, homologous to glans penis in males

A

Clitoris

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9
Q

Region between labia minora within the hymen (when present) and contains the opening ducts of several glands - homologous to membranous urethra in males

A

Vestibule

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10
Q

Occupies the greater portion of the vestibule, bordered by the hymen

A

Vaginal orifice

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11
Q

Diamond shape area medial to thighs and buttocks in both sexes containing the external genitalia and anus

A

Perineum

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12
Q

Localized posterior to the clitoris and anterior to the vaginal orifice. On both sides are the opening of the Paraurethral Glands

A

External Urethral Orifice

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13
Q

Glands homologous to prostate gland in males

A

External urethral orifice

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14
Q

Ducts open between hymen and labia minora producing mucus during sexual intercourse for lubrication, homologous to bulbourethral glands in males

A

Greater Vestibular Glands (Bartholin’s glands)

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15
Q

Paired intra pelvic organs homologous to testes, supported inside pelvic cavity by 3 ligaments

A

Ovaries

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16
Q

3 Ligaments that support the ovaries

A

Broad Ligament, Mesovarium, Suspensory ligament

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17
Q

Layer of simple epithelium which covers the surface of the ovary. Its a misnomer since it lacks germinal cells.

A

Germinal epithelium

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18
Q

Capsule of dense fibrous tissue below the germinal epithelium of the ovaries

A

Tunica Albuginea

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19
Q

Dense connective tissue which contains the ovarian follicles

A

Ovarian cortex

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20
Q

Deep region in the ovarian cortex with loose connective tissue which harbors the blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

A

Ovarian Medulla

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21
Q

structures within the ovarian cortex consisting of oocytes,

A

ovarian follicles

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22
Q

If ovarian follicles are arranged as a single layer around the oocyte, they are called..

A

follicular cells

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23
Q

If ovarian follicles are arranged as several layers around an oocyte, they are referred to as…

A

granulosa cells

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24
Q

What is the purpose of granulosa cells?

A

nourish the oocyte and begin production of estrogen

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25
Q

Large fluid filled follicle that is prepared for the release of a secondary oocyte (ovulation)

A

Mature Follicle (Graffian)

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26
Q

Remnants of ovulated mature follicle which produce PROGESTERONE, ESTROGEN, RELAXIN, and INHIBIN, until turend into fibrous tissued called corpus albicans (White body)

A

Corpus Luteum - Yellow body

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27
Q

Process of primordial cells aroused from the endoderm of the yolk sac migrating early in fetal life to the ovaries to differentiate into the oogonium that will form germ cells., most will die through atresia, the remaining form primary oocytes.

A

Oogenesis

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28
Q

How many oogenia remain at puberty, and how many will mature and ovulate in reproductive span of life?

A

200,000 - 2,000,000 and 400

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29
Q

the Corona Radiata is formed by which cells, from where?

A

innermost layer of granulosa cells

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30
Q

What two structures are formed by the outermost layer of granulosa cells, once separated by the theca folliculi?

A

Theca Interna and Theca Externa

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31
Q

Layer of secretory cells formed by outer layer of granulosa cells

A

Theca Interna

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32
Q

Outer layer of connective tissue formed by outer layer of granulosa cells

A

Theca Externa

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33
Q

Space where glycoproteins accumulate between primary oocytes and granulosa cells

A

Zona Pellucida

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34
Q

Structures extending laterally on both poles of the uterine fundus. The channels through which the secondary oocyte travels into the uterus

A

Fallopian Tubes

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35
Q

Part of fallopian tube closest to the ovary, contains the fimbria which is in close relation with the ovary

A

Infundibulum

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36
Q

Narrow middle segment of fallopian tubes

A

Isthmus

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37
Q

Proximal segment of fallopian tube that attaches to the uterus

A

Ampulla

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38
Q

Pear shaped organ that holds the secondary oocyte for potential fertilization

A

Uterus

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39
Q

3 layers of the uterine body, outer to inner

A

Perimetrium, Myometrium, Endometrium

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40
Q

Two layers of the Endometrium of Uterine Body, which one replicates and will lead to infertility if lost?

A

Stratum functionalis and Stratum Basalis, Stratum Basalis replicates and can lead to infertility if lost

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41
Q

Hormone secreted in high amounts in newborns but decreases abruptly after a few weeks, and remains low until puberty begins, marked by rising levels of FSH and LH

A

Gonadotropin

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42
Q

What characteristic occurs between 8-13 y/o, caused by estrogen, progesterone, GH, thyroxine, insulin, cortisol

A

Breast Buds

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43
Q

What characteristic occurs between 8-14 y/o, caused by adrenal androgens?

A

Pubic Hair

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44
Q

What characteristic occurs 2 years after pubic hair, and caused by estrogen and progesterone?

A

Menarche

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45
Q

What characteristic occurs between 10-16 y/o, caused by adrenal androgens?

A

Axillary Hair

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46
Q

What characteristic occurs at the same time as axillary hair (10-16) and is also caused by Adrenal androgens

A

Eccrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands develop

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47
Q

5 Structures of the mammary glands, starting from nipple and going inward

A

Lactiferous Duct, Lactiferous Sinus, Mammary Duct, Secondary Tubule, Lobule containing alveoli

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48
Q

Hormone causing production of breast milk, where is the hormone produced?

A

prolactin, hypothalamus

49
Q

Hormone produced in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary, stimulates production of milk when baby is sucking, and causes contractions during labor

A

Oxytocin

50
Q

Hormones that develop and maintain reproductive structures, increase protein anabolism, lower cholesterol, and inhibit release of FSH and LH

A

Estrogens

51
Q

Hormone that works with estrogens to prepare endometrium for inplantation, prepares mammary glands to secrete milk, inhibits LH

A

Progesterone

52
Q

Hormone that inhibits uterine contractions, increases flexibility of pubic symphysis and causes dilation during labor

A

Relaxin

53
Q

Hormone that inhibits release of FSH and LH, besides estrogens, stops initiation of new hormone cycle

A

Inhibin

54
Q

Why is the ovum typically implanted in the upper portion of the uterus?

A

It could become detached and fall through the lower opening of the uterus

55
Q

Which antibody can cross the placenta, was the advantage?

A

IgG, protects fetus for first 6 months of life after delivery

56
Q

Who produces amniotic fluid, baby or momma?

A

Baby

57
Q

First hormone in the identification of pregnancy for the body, pregnancy tests respond to this hormone, highest at 12 week of gestation

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin - hCG

58
Q

2 hormones that increase as hCG decreases during pregnancy

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

59
Q

Non- Effective Uterine contractions

A

Braxton-Hicks Contractions

60
Q

Contractions are relevant when they are how frequent?

A

more than 10 minutes apart

61
Q

Fertilization occurs where?

A

fallopian tube

62
Q

pregnancy outside the uterine cavity - inside fallopian tube

A

ectopic pregnancy

63
Q

After how many months does the fetus cause the mother go grow a belly?

A

~5 months

64
Q

why do progesterone and estrogen need to be maintained in balance, correlation of high concentrations?

A

Viability of fetus and placenta, otherwise endometrial tissue will be shed

65
Q

What hormone primes breast tissue for milk production,, and which one pushes the milk out?

A

prolactin primes, oxytocin pushes, produced in hypothalamus and stored in anterior pituitary, released under proper conditions, *prolactin is released with increase in estrogen caused by pregnancy, oytocin released by positive feedback mechanism

66
Q

What causes prolactin to be released?

A

increase in estrogen during pregnancy

67
Q

How is oxytocin released?

A

by positive feedback mechanism by baby going down birth canal stimulating pressure receptors to further release more oxytocin to relax the smooth muscle, this high amounts of oxytocin will now allow milk to be released in mammary glands for feeding

68
Q

why should baby never be higher than mothers chest?

A

babie’s blood will be drained back through the umbilical cord into the placenta

69
Q

Delivery is over when?

A

the placenta has been delivered after the baby

70
Q

side effects of oral birth control?

A

adenoma and thrombolytic events caused by concentration of estrogen, now it is almost SE-free

71
Q

pruritis, supporation, and epithelial changes are signs of what general kind of vulvular diseases?

A

inflammatory disorders

72
Q

green secretion is a sign of ?

A

mold

73
Q

yellow secretion is a sign of?

A

bacterial infection

74
Q

Condyloma acuminata is a sign of what STD

A

HPV

75
Q

Vesicular lesions are a sign of what STD

A

Herpes simplex 2

76
Q

common fungal infection in vulva

A

candida albicans

77
Q

which condyloma is flat, moist, and associated with secondary syphilis

A

Condyloma Lata

78
Q

Which condyloma is papillary, rough, elevated, and has koilocytes (viral infected cells) - HPV

A

Condiloma Acuminata

79
Q

What do all non neoplastic epithelial disorders share the presence of, that appears as white areas of discoloration

A

leucoplakia

80
Q

Vulvular dystrophy manifested by hyperkeratosis, thinning of epidermis and dermal sclerosis with adnexal atrophy

A

Lichen Sclerosus

81
Q

Vulvular dystrophy Manifested as epithelial thickening and hyperkeratosis, with NO predisposition for cancer development although is usually present around the margins of vulvar cancer, expression of stress

A

Squamous Hyperplasia

82
Q

most common malignancy in vulva- 90%

A

squamous cell carcinoma

83
Q

Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, carcinoma, that appears as popcorn-like and accounts for less than 5% of cases

A

Extramammary Paget’s Melanoma

84
Q

vagina is usually secondary affected by…

A

lesions of the vulva or cervix (either side of vagina)

85
Q

common inflammation of vagina usually with discharge and related to candida or trichomonas

A

Vaginitis

86
Q

Neoplasms occur in what female population the most?

A

post-menopausal women over 60

87
Q

Neoplasm seen in late teen girls from mothers who received diethylstillbestrol during pregnancy

A

Clear cell adenocarcinoma

88
Q

Neoplasm, Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma produces a soft polypoid mass that commonly occurs in girls under 5 y/o

A

Sarcoma botryoides

89
Q

Acute or chronic inflammation of cerviz due to chlamydia, ureoplasma, trichomonas, candida, HSV 2, specific type for gonorrhea

A

Cervicitis

90
Q

Term limited to post partum or staph/strep infections of cervix

A

acute nonspecific cervicitis

91
Q

cervicitis secondary to physical cause like sex, birth, aging

A

Erosive cervicitis

92
Q

Benign cerical neoplasm that is inflammatory in origin, and is lined by mucous producing endocervical gland cells, complications include bleeding, surgical removal is only cure

A

Endocervical Polyp

93
Q

important test to screen a cervical sample for identifying pre malignant disorders, looking for inflammatory cells, bacteria, anaplasia (lack of differentiation)

A

PAP smear

94
Q

CIN - pap smear result

A

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasm

95
Q

SIL

A

Squamous intraepithelial lesion

96
Q

Risk factors for CIN and invasive squamous carcinoma

A

early age of 1st intercourse, multiple sex partners, male partner with multiple previous sex partners

97
Q

which CIN/SIL regresses in 60% of cases, persists in 3%, and only 1-5% progress into CINIII or SIL II

A

CIN I / SIL I

98
Q

CIN/SIL where 33% regress, and 74% progress into invasive lesion

A

CIN III / SIL II

99
Q

What risk are the following HPVs: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35

A

High Risk

100
Q

85 to 90% of these carcinomas are squamous in nature, evolving from Cervical Intraepithelial Lesion, causes by fungus, ulcers, infiltrative - least common, 10 - 15% are adenocarcinomas

A

Invasive carcinomas

101
Q

if cervical tissue of a squamous cell carcinoma appears rough after staining on a slide, it is called…

A

Infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma - keratinizing

102
Q

Presence of endometrial uterine tissue within the myometrium of the uterus

A

Adenomyosis

103
Q

Presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity or myometrium

A

Endometriosis

104
Q

Why is ectopic endometrial tissue dangerous?

A

undergoes cyclic changes that can be associated with infertility, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain during intercourse

105
Q

Regurgitation, metplastic tissue, vascular or lymphatic spread are theoretical causes of what condition

A

Theoretical causes of ectopic endometrial tissue

106
Q

Sessile round pedunculated lesion with neoplastic stromal cells, common at menopause, accompanied with abnormal uterine bleeding, can precede adenocarcinoma

A

Endometrial Polyp

107
Q

a menstrual cycle characterized by varying degrees of menstrual intervals and the absence of ovulation and a luteal phase.

A

anovulatory cycle- major cause of abnormal uterine bleeding

108
Q

most common benign tumor of females, up to 50% during reproductive years, tumor of smooth muscle, also called fibromas, no effect on fertility

A

Leiomyoma

109
Q

Malignant tumor derived from mesenchymal cells, NOT preceded nor derived from preexisting fibromas

A

Leiomyosarcoma - Leiomyomas do not develop into leiomyosarcomas, can tell apart by mitotic figures and relative size

110
Q

How do you tell apart a leiomyosarcoma from a leiomyoma?

A

mitotic figures indicated leiomyosarcoma, and size can also help tell apart

111
Q

Adenocarcinoma related with anovulatory cycle or dysfunctional uterine bleeding, commonly develops in menopausal age, associated with endometrial hyperplasia

A

Endometrial Carcinoma

112
Q

Why is increasing weight (obesity) a risk factor for Endometrial carcinoma?

A

Increased lipid content in liver leads to increase production of estrogens in serum, resulting in increased growth factor in endometrial cells that are produced by estrogens, ultimately leading to risk for endometrial carcinomas

113
Q

Why do Nulliparous (women who have not given birth) have increased risk for endometrial carcinoma?

A

dysfunctional response to endocrine secretion by endometrial cavity =no kids = no sex = no trauma = higher risk for adenocarcinoma, but lower risk for squamous cell carcinoma of cervix

114
Q

Inflammatory disease of fallopian tubes that may result in abnormal scarring and constriction of the lumen, caused by trichamonas, gonnorrhea, siphillys

A

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - Ascending, symptoms may go unnoticed

115
Q

egg fertilized and lodged into the fallopian tube, ultimately resulting in bursting of the tube and internal bleeding if not caught early

A

Ectopic pregnancy

116
Q

why do Hot flashes occur in menopausal women? generally speaking…

A

ovaries gradually produce less estrogen, and changing hormone levels result in increase in temperature sporadically

117
Q

What genes are responsible for ovarian neoplasms, and is there a risk due to family history?

A

BRCA 1/2, yes because genes are involved, there is a 5-10% risk with previous family history among females

118
Q

only Malignant/Immature Teratomas contain what kind of tissue?

A

Nervous tissue

119
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

presence of tissue from one of the germinal layers that does not belong, such as hair, teeth, etc.

SBS 3 (3 decks)

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