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Principles of Wildlife Biology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the current estimates rate of extinction for birds and mammals?

A

0.015 species per year

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2
Q

Banding

A

Technique used to capture migrating birds for banding/tagging, recording species, sex and size measurements

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3
Q

What animal is most associated with market hunting?

A

Waterfowl

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4
Q

Why did the passenger pigeon go extinct?

A

Killed for food

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5
Q

Writer of Silent Spring & Conservationist

A

Rachel Carson

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6
Q

Sand County Almanac

A

Aldo Leopold
“A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.
combination of natural history, scene painting with words, and philosophy.

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7
Q

Watershed Red

A

The Life Of The Dunk River, Prince Edward Island

By Kathy Martin; Connie Pound-Gaudet

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8
Q

What are the three components of wildlife and fisheries?

A
  1. Biota
  2. Habitat
  3. Human users
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9
Q

Factors affecting population levels

A
  1. Unregulated harvest
  2. Introduced predators/competitors
  3. Habitat modification and loss
  4. Increase of human population
  5. Pollution
  6. Natural disasters
  7. Climate change
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10
Q

Examples of abiotic components

A

Rocks
Water
Wind

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11
Q

Examples of biotic components

A

Trees

Animals

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12
Q

What are the 4 habitat components needed to sustain a wildlife species?

A
  1. Food
  2. Water
  3. Cover
  4. Space
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13
Q

Direct users of the environment

A

Humans who contribute to or use a wildlife system

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14
Q

Indirect users of the environment

A

use or manage the habitat for some other purpose and thus affect the wildlife system

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15
Q

Nuisance wildlife

A
  • Utilize food sources or structures that are not intended for wildlife
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16
Q

Extirpated

A

No longer existing in the wild in Canada

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17
Q

Native species

A

Inhabited a given area; naturally occurring at the time of early explorers

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18
Q

Endemic species

A

Ecologically unique to an area; not found anywhere else (referring to a given zone or habitat)

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19
Q

Non-native species

A

Not naturally occurring in a given place or zone

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20
Q

Naturalized species

A

Non-native or introduced species that now occurs commonly (e.g. dandelion)

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21
Q

Invasive species

A

Native or non-native; widespread exotic species that colonize an area with adverse effects on environment (e.g. crab)

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22
Q

Ecosystem

A

Basic unit consisting of biotic and abiotic components interacting in a particular area

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23
Q

Community

A

The living component of the ecosystem

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24
Q

Biosphere

A

Region surrounding the earth which supports life

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25
Q

Biome

A

Large regions classified by the dominant vegetation type (deserts, tundras)

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26
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of the same species occupying a defined area during a specific interval of time

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27
Q

Meta-population

A

Natural and artificial units of an isolated portion of a larger population
Example: wetland split by a highway

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28
Q

Species richness

A

The number of species in a particular community

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29
Q

Species evenness

A

The relative abundance of individuals among species present in a specific area

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30
Q

Species diversity

A

A measure combining richness and evenness

Diversity increases when #species increases and #individuals of each species are more evenly distributed

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31
Q

Herbivores

A

Plant eaters

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32
Q

Carnivores

A

Meat eaters

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33
Q

Omnivores

A

Plant and meat eaters

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34
Q

Piscivores

A

Carnivore; fish eaters

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35
Q

Detrivores

A

Species that eat dead material

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36
Q

Microbivores

A

Species that eat microbes

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37
Q

Trophic Cascade

A

ecological phenomenon triggered by the addition or removal of top predators and involving reciprocal changes in the relative populations of predator and prey through a food chain, which often results in dramatic changes in ecosystem structure and nutrient cycling.

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38
Q

How much energy is converted between most links in the food chain?

A

10%

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39
Q

Top down control

A

Occurs when higher trophic levels effect the size of lower levels

Example: high wolf and bear numbers impact caribou populations

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40
Q

Bottom up control

A

When lower trophic levels effect higher ones

ex: plankton

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41
Q

Succession

A

Change in community structure over time

Primary: begins in lifeless areas (e.g. sand dunes)
Secondary: occurs in an area where a previous community was removed

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42
Q

Sere

A

Stages of succession from early to late

Example: Acadian forest

intermediate stage found in ecological succession in an ecosystem advancing towards its climax community.

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43
Q

Oligotrophic

A

Aquatic succession; low in nutrient and productivity

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44
Q

Mesotrophic

A

Aquatic succession; mid range

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45
Q

Eutrophic

A

Aquatic succession; High in nutrients and productivity

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46
Q

What type of communities exhibit unstable characteristics?

A

Simple communities with low diversity

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47
Q

What type of communities remain stable under normal conditions?

A

Complex (high diversity)

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48
Q

Niche

A

The functional role of an organism considered in the environment in which it lives
- it’s occupation

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49
Q

Fundamental niche

A

The total range of environmental conditions under which a species can survive when there is no competition from other species

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50
Q

Realized niche

A

Involves some competition from other species

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51
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Between or among different species

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52
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Within a species

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53
Q

Barn Owls (Tyto alba)

A 
Interference competition (fighting for scarce resources)
- initiate incubation as soon as first egg is laid
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54
Q

Elk (Cervus canadenis)

A

Overcrowding; tend to have lower survival and birth rates

- may be a delay in entry into the breeding population

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55
Q

Coyote (Canis latrans)

A

Reproductive rates are indirectly related to population density
-implications for population management techniques

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56
Q

Gause’s principle

A

Competitive exclusion; no two species can simultaneously and completely occupy the same niche for an indefinite period of time

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57
Q

Specialists

A

Species with very specific requirements and little room for dealing with changes or colonizing different habitat

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58
Q

Generalists

A

Species that deal with a broad range of environmental conditions

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59
Q

Population characteristics

A
  1. Size/density: number of individuals per unit area
  2. Age: the distribution of numbers of individuals of various ages
  3. Sex ratios
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60
Q

What are the 3 dynamic rate functions that affect populations?

A
  1. Natality or recruitment
  2. Growth
  3. Mortality
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61
Q

Natality

A

Birth rate

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62
Q

Recruitment

A

Number of surviving offspring that reach reproductive age

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63
Q

Fecundity

A

Number of eggs produced per female

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64
Q

Fertility

A

Percentage of eggs that are fertile

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65
Q

Production

A

Number of offspring produced by a population during a specific time period

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66
Q

Natality characteristics

A

age of sexual maturity

  • length of gestation period
  • sex ratios
  • monogamous or polygamous
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67
Q

Density-dependent factors

A

Factor affects the population depending on the density

Examples: competition, disease, crowding

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68
Q

Density-independent factors

A

Factor affects the population independent of density

Examples: climate, toxins, condition of environment

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69
Q

Inversity

A

The inverse relationship of Natality in a population to adult population density

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70
Q

Stock

A

A group of organisms with common ancestry or parentage that is adapted to a particular environment (fisheries)

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71
Q

Determinate growth

A

Most birds and mammals

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72
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

Fish

- often density dependent

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73
Q

Natural mortality

A

Mortality caused by predation, starvation, disease, accidents

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74
Q

Harvest mortality

A

Mortality resulting from human activities directed at taking organisms

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75
Q

Compensatory mortality

A

An increase in one form of mortality that compensates for an increase or decrease in another form of mortality

Example: increased mortality from predation results in decrease mortality from disease

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76
Q

Additive mortality

A

Mortality that exceeds the total mortality rate that would have been expected

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77
Q

Formula for calculating crude animal mortality from hunting and fishing

A

a= m + n - mn

  • a= crude mortality rate
  • m= mortality rate from fishing/hunting
  • n= natural mortality rate
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78
Q

Formula for determining population growth rates

A

r= b-d

  • r= actual growth rate
  • b= birth rate
  • d= death rate

When immigration and emigration are present:
r= (b-d)+(i-e)

  • i= immigration rate
  • b= emigration rate
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79
Q

Primary sex ratio

A

Sex ratio at fertilization, normally 50:50

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80
Q

Secondary sex ratio

A

Sex ratio at birth; usually 50:50 but sex specific mortality

E.g. nutritional stress in white tailed deer, favours male

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81
Q

Tertiary sex ratio

A

Sex ratio of juveniles; indicates the proportion of each sex entering the breeding population

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82
Q

Quaternary sex ratio

A

Adult sex ratio; skewed in favour of one sex

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83
Q

Monogamy

A
  • Seasonal-pair bonds only for the current season (E.g. Pintails)
  • Lifetime-pair bonds established for life (E.g. coyotes)
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84
Q

Polygamy

A

Polyandry: Several males per female; rare in vertebrates but occurs in few birds

Polygyny: Several females per male (e.g. ring necked pheasant)

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85
Q

Promiscuity

A

Indiscriminate mating

E.g. bobcats

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86
Q

Implications of monogamy

A

Species require a balanced ratio to maintain maximum production of offspring

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87
Q

Mooney’s Pond

A

Developed as a semi-natural rearing pond

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88
Q

Smolt

A

Young salmon ready to go to sea

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89
Q

Grisle

A

Salmon that have spent one winter in sea and have returned to freshwater to spawn

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90
Q

What type of colonial nesting birds are found at Cape Tryon?

A

Crested cormorants

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91
Q

MSY

A

Maximum sustainable yield

  • Removal of the maximum amount of biomass without negatively impacting future harvests
  • Common in fisheries
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92
Q

OSY

A

Optimum sustainable yield

  • Takes into account the ecological and socio-economic impacts of harvest
  • More commonly practiced today
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93
Q

Lentic system

A

Ponds and lakes

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94
Q

Meander

A

Curves of river caused by water erosion

Example: Ox Bow Lake

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95
Q

MSW

A

Multi-sea water salmon

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96
Q

What do waterfowl use DeRoche Pond for?

A

Resting point

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97
Q

What is the transformation called that salmon undergo to enable them to move into salt water

A

Smolts

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98
Q

Why was Banff national park created?

A

Created by the government to make the best economic use of it
- Conservation efforts

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99
Q

Wild boar

A

Invasive species in Saskatchewan

- High reproductive rates make them hard to eradicate

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100
Q

Anadromous Fish

A

fish born in freshwater who spend most of their lives in saltwater and return to freshwater to spawn
ex. salmon and brook trout

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101
Q

Fish Ladder

A

is a structure on or around artificial and natural barriers (such as dams, locks and waterfalls) to facilitate fishes’ natural migration

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102
Q

rock gabions

A

vinyl coated metal cage full of rocks from the mainland.

stabilizer that can withstand erosion and prevents sediment from contaminating the water

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103
Q

Writer of Silent Spring & Conservationist

A

Rachel Carson

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104
Q

Trophic Cascade

A

ecological phenomenon triggered by the addition or removal of top predators and involving reciprocal changes in the relative populations of predator and prey through a food chain, which often results in dramatic changes in ecosystem structure and nutrient cycling.

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105
Q

range of tolerance

A

The range of conditions within which an organism is potentially able to survive.
All organisms have a maximum and minimum level of temperature, atmospheric pressure, oxygen concentration etc. within which they can survive.

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106
Q

Connectivity

A

the continuity or connectedness of a habitat or vegetation type across a landscape

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107
Q

Habitat fragmentation

A

breaking of habitat into smaller disconnected patches

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108
Q

Corridors

A

land or water passages that connect areas together.

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109
Q

Edges and ecotones

A

Edge effect refers to the changes in population or community structures that occur at the boundary of two habitats (ecotone)

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110
Q

Riparian Zone

A

an area between the upland zone and the shoreline. It forms a corridor between land and water, allowing animals to travel between different biomes.

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111
Q

dynamic rate functions affecting populations

A

natality or recruitment
growth
mortality

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112
Q

population size/density

A

number of individuals per unit area

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113
Q

population age

A

the distribution of numbers of individuals of various ages

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114
Q

population sex ratios

A

the relative abundance of each sex in a wildlife population (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sex ratios)

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115
Q

Exponential Growth

A

J curve of population size x time

Unsustainable, requires unlimited food supply, absence of predators, disease, etc.

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116
Q

population growth

A

∆N / ∆t = rN
where:
∆N = change in number
∆t = change in time
r = the per head maximum growth rate
N = number of individuals in the population
(λ (lambda) is often used to represent geometric growth rates)

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117
Q

Logistic Growth

A

S curve with carrying capacity at the top
No population can increase exponentially indefinitely
The supply of food not adequate
Limited space and or cover
Impact of predators
Disease

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118
Q

logistic growth equation

A

(∆N / ∆t) = [ rN (K - N) ] / k

where k is the max number of individuals the environment can sustain (the carrying capacity)

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119
Q

biotic potential

A

also known as reproductive potential

max rate of population increase under ideal conditions

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120
Q

carrying capacity

A

number of animals an area can support over a period of time without damage to that habitat

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121
Q

inflection point

A

half of the carrying capacity

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122
Q

maximum sustainable yield (MSY)

A

used in fishers
goal to achieve max harvest of biomass from a population without affecting future harvest
doesn’t take into account the size of the organism harvested

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123
Q

isle royale

A

longest running study on wildlife populations

Lake Superior, Michigan

lessons: predator-prey systems are not neatly controlled phenomena in which predators choose their prey and adjust their reproduction to the food supply available

predator-prey populations react to a myriad of variables including disease, genetic variability, weather, etc.

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124
Q

Age classes of Brook Trout & Egg Production

A 
Age class I: 354 eggs/female (not all class I are sexually mature)
Age class II: 617 eggs/female 
Age class III: 906 eggs/female
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125
Q

life table

A

used to describe how mortality affects different age groups in a population

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126
Q

salmonidae

A

family of ray-finned fish including salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings

primitive appearance among teleost fish

pelvic fins placed far back

adipose fin towards rear of the back

predators of small crustaceans, aquatic insects, and smaller fish

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127
Q

salmonid life cycle

A

spawn in freshwater

spend most of their lives at sea

return to rivers only to reproduce

anadromous

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128
Q

catadromous life cycle

A

spawning & reproduction occurs at sea and life is mostly spent in freshwater;

opposite of anadromous

american eel

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129
Q

brook trout

A

most common salmonid in PEI

red spots with blue halos and yellow spots
wormlike pattern on back
white edge on front of lower fins

life expentancy: 8 years

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130
Q

brook trout habitat requirements

A

temp from 0-25C, optimum growth 13-18C

pH levels 4.0-9.5, optimum 6.5-8.0

Cover is critical

Clean, clear, well oxygenated water

Well ventilated & exposed gravel for spawning

unobstructed waterways for sea-run migration

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131
Q

brook trout opportunistic feeding

A

feed on fish eggs, insect larvae and adults, amphipods, worms, mollusks, frogs, mice, smelt, silversides, mummichogs, neireis, and even their own young and eggs

eat whatever is available

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132
Q

brook trout reproduction

A

spawn early october late december

cool clear headwater streams

redds (nests) built on upwelling groundwater

eggs incubate until February or early March

females produce 1000-1600 eggs. 1300 eggs/lb of fish

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133
Q

How to sex brook trout

A

males have slightly hooked lower jaw called a kype & more elongated snout

Female trout all have a short rounded nose or upper jaw

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134
Q

what are salmon nests called

A

redds

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135
Q

rainbow trout

A

also called steelhead

introduced to PEI in 1920’s

Introduced to every continent except antarctica for food or sport

has serious negative impact on upland native fish by eating them or outcompeting them

habitat requiremetns identical to native atlantic salmon

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136
Q

Atlantic Salmon

A

only native salmon in the Atlantic Ocean

true ocean migrating fish & may travel >2000 km before returning to natal river to spawn

does not “die” after spawning

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137
Q

characteristics of atlantic salmon

A

black spots on gill covers

no spots on belly, large scales

slightly forked tail with no spots

138
Q

characteristics of rainbow trout

A

pink lateral stripes

black spots on fins and body

139
Q

habitat preferences of atlantic salmon

A

young salmon prefer fast, flowing, shallow water

140
Q

smolt

A

young salmon ready to go to sea (1-3 years old)

141
Q

grisle

A

salmon that return to freshwater after only one year at sea

142
Q

MSW

A

multi sea water salmon; fish that spend 2 or more years at sea before returning to freshwater

143
Q

Salmonid spawning

A

atlantic salmon and brook trout spawn in Oct/Nov

rainbow trout spawn in the spring

144
Q

Alevins

A

newly spawned salmon or trout still carrying the yolk

145
Q

Parr

A

young salmon actively feeding in freshwater

146
Q

Other trout species in Atlantic Canada

A

lake trout

arctic char

brown trout

147
Q

digger logs

A

common structure installed in a stream during habitat restoration.

used to define meandering patterns in a stream, while also creating spawning habitat and pools for fish population.

provides well aerated gravel bed ideal for salmon and brook trout spawning

log is placed on a 30-degree angle and on a 3-5cm/meter slope.

148
Q

cover log

A

a fallen, submurged log that provides cover from predators for aquatic species

provides salmon fry with protection

salmon and trout require cover for spawning/habitat

149
Q

Brush mats

A

simple structure built usually from conifer tree boughs, wooden stakes and binder twine.

catch sediment as it flows by when the water level is high (spring and fall) and thereby permanently take it out of the main stream channel.

tree boughs are placed along the edge of the stream, staked and tied into place so they don’t move, and angled up until they meet the top of the stream bank

150
Q

rock gabion

A

vinyl cage, cylinder or box filled with rocks from the mainland

bank stabilizer, protects against erosion

151
Q

wing deflector

A

solid triangular structure that changes or deflects the direction of stream flow narrow and deepen the channel

reduces stress on bank

made of rock

152
Q

check dam

A

small dam constructed across a drainage ditch, swale, or channel to lower the velocity of flow

reduces erosion, runoff velocity, and gullying

153
Q

landscape fabric vs filter fabric

A

landscape: used in landscaping for water to pass through

filter fabric: used in septic drain fields as a filter

both act as a barrier, are made from the same class of synthetic textiles, and are similar in construction

154
Q

PEI Wildlife conservation act

A

legislation governing how we can use wildlife and their habitats in pei

only species in canada without a standalone species at risk/endangered species act

155
Q

furbearers

A

beaver, mink, fox, raccoon, river otter, etc.

156
Q

watershed

A

an area drained by a specific river system

act like a funnel collecting all the water within the area covered by the basin and channeling it into a waterway

157
Q

watershed boundary / watershed divide

A

geographical barrier that separates drainage basins from eachother topographically

158
Q

how are watersheds organized?

A

stream order

watersheds drain water to an elevation in an orderly manner

for every large stream there are 2.4 smaller ones. for every small stream there are 2.4 smaller ones, etc.

159
Q

how does water flow?

A

natural stream flow meanders both laterally and vertically

stream water also does a 1/2 turn (180 degree rotation) at every meander bend. right 1/2 turn followed by left 1/2 turn. clockwise turn followed by a counterwise turn

this rotation erodes one stream bank and deposits eroded material on the opposite bank forming point bars

160
Q

oxbow lake

A

u-shaped lake that forms when a wide meander of a river is cut off, creating a free standing body of water

161
Q

meander scar

A

geological feature formed by the remnants of a meandering water channel

often formed during creation of oxbow lakes

no water in the scar

162
Q

what happens when meander bends break through and form a new channel?

A

meander scars and oxbow lakes

163
Q

degraded rivers move ____ than healthy rivers

A

faster

164
Q

healthy rivers move _____. degraded rivers move ______

A

slowly

fast

healthy rivers have stable banks that are protected by diverse riparian buffer zones. healthy rivers often have bent trees that bang over the stream

unhealthy rivers with little to no riparian buffer zones have banks that migrate fast. bent trees are uncommon

165
Q

can water move uphill?

A

yes

under the right conditions, small amounts of water can be drawn updards, against the tug of gravity, through a phenomenon known as “capillary action”

for this to occur the water must be confined into a small flow space

166
Q

how many species of freshwater fish are there?

A

18

167
Q

water velocity preferences of fish

A

brook trout: deep, slow moving water

atlantic salmon juveniles: fast, shallow water

168
Q

fish passage

A

Anadromous fish like salmon and trout must have access both in and out of streams if they complete their lifecycle. PEI has many blockages to migrating fish.

Old dam sites left over from grist and saw mill days often do not have fish ladders and block all migration.

Improperly placed road culverts block upstream passage to all but the biggest and strongest.

169
Q

culvert

A

a structure that channels water past an obstacle or to channel a subterranean Waterway

170
Q

hung (perched) culvert

A

outlet elevated above the downstream water surface, allowing a freefall condition (also referred to as a hanging or shotgun outlet). This condition requires migrating fish to leap into the culvert from the downstream pool

Fast moving water

171
Q

velocity barrier

A

prevent upstream movement of fish to habitats critical for species survival due to fast movement of water

must have a length and flow velocity greater than the fish’s leaping ability and swimming endurance

172
Q

undersized culvert (onion)

A

disrupts the flow of water

fragment natural stream pattern and ecosystems, contribute to erosion, and exacerbate flooding.

They block native fish and other aquatic organisms from moving upstream to the cooler waters and habitat they need to survive and reproduce

big drop in water from culvert to river

173
Q

natural solution for perched culvert

A

riffle building - basically a rock dam

rocks placed to help raise the water level

174
Q

Solutions for high velocity within culvert and/or Inadequate depth within culvert

A

Properly placed granular substrates may significantly enhance the ability of fish to find velocities that they can swim against.

175
Q

stream order bifurcation

A

2.4 to 1

176
Q

meander

A

bend in the land along rivers caused by water erosion

177
Q

issues created by culverts

A

can create a distance too high/far for fish to jump

can create velocity barriers

improperly placed road culverts block upstream passage

178
Q

types of fish ladders

A

pool and weir

pool and orifice

baffle fishway: denil

rock ramp fishway

fish elevator

siphon fishway

179
Q

pool and wier fish ladder

A

pools are constructed in the form of steps divided by overflow weirs; fish jump from pool to pool

180
Q

pool and orifice fish ladder

A

structurally the same as a pool and weir fish ladder but fish are able to swim from pool to pool through the dividers

181
Q

vertical slot fish ladder

A

another variation of pool and weir fishway

a fish ladder made up of vertical slots

182
Q

baffle fishway: denil type

A

fish ladder with baffles on the floor and sides of a rectangular structure

183
Q

rock ramp fishway

A

a rock ramp is prepared directly over the obstruction across its width with some slope.

Pools and falls are created in such a way that the fishes can easily pass over them.

184
Q

fish elevator

A

fish are lifted by water-filled chamber from downstream to upstream.

185
Q

siphon fishway

A

closed fish pass which is provided between two watercourses.

The fish enters into the siphon tube which is partially filled with water and the flow rate in this tube is controlled by siphon effect.

186
Q

zoonotic disease

A

human disease that is caused by transmission of a pathogen form an animal to a human

187
Q

three key components of surveillance

A

continuous monitoring

sample collection and analysis

commnication of results

188
Q

why do we sample wildlife?

A

monitoring, information, transport and research

189
Q

biased sampling

A

sampling interfered by negative selectivity of devices or choosing a sampling decive based on an organism you wish to avoid

190
Q

types of passive methods

A

entanglement devices

entrapment devices

191
Q

fish entanglement devices

A

passive sampling method

using gill nets with floats and leads to stretch it vertically

anchors keep net positioned

192
Q

bird entanglement devices

A

passive sampling method

mist nets suspended between poles/trees entangle birds

requireds frequent checking

193
Q

mammal entanglement devices

A

leg-hold up trap: snaps onto leg of mammals (padded)

snare trap: kills target animal (e.g. mouse trap)

snares encircle neck or body of mammal

194
Q

entrapment devices

A

hoop, fyke net, modified fyke and trap net, funnel traps, box traps (live traps), pit-fall traps

195
Q

fish entrapment devices

A

hoop nets, have a series of hearts and when the fish enter they cannot exit

196
Q

mammal entrapment devices

A

funnel traps and box traps

funnel traps lead into central holding area

box traps close entrey way when tripped

pit traps collapse downward

197
Q

active capture of fish

A

seines used to encircle fish

trawls are towed to capure fish

dredges towed to capture shellfish

198
Q

beach seine

A

net used to encircle fish

199
Q

active capture method

A

cannon or drop nets used to capture large numbers of animals (usually birds) to band them

200
Q

non-capture methods

A

counting tracks

auditory surveys: counting frog or bird calls

egg mass counts

don’t require viewing of the animal

201
Q

age groups

A

number of years an individual has lived

202
Q

year class

A

year in which an individual was born/hatched

203
Q

young of the year (YOY)

A

individuals within the first year of their lives

age group = 0

204
Q

yearling

A

2nd year of life

205
Q

cohort

A

group of individuals in a population born or hatched during a specific period of time

206
Q

immature & juvenile

A

too young to breed and can be distringished from adults based on external characteristics

207
Q

sub-adults

A

too young to breed and cannot be distinguished from adults

208
Q

adult

A

reproductively mature

209
Q

Age categories of birds

A

(HY) HATCHING YEAR
A bird known to have hatched during the calendar year in which it was banded.
Example: Banded 1997 - Hatched 1997

(AHY) AFTER HATCHING YEAR
A bird known to have hatched before the calendar year of banding; year of hatch otherwise unknown.
Example: Banded 1997 - Hatched before January 1, 1997

(SY) SECOND YEAR
A bird known to have hatched in the calendar year preceding the year of banding and in its second calendar year of life.
Example: Banded 1997 - Hatched 1996

(ASY) AFTER SECOND YEAR
A bird known to have hatched earlier than the calendar year preceding the year of banding; year of hatch otherwise unknown.
Example: Banded 1997 - Hatched 1995 or earlier

210
Q

ways to age fish

A

scales, fin rays, and otoliths

211
Q

ways to sex/age animals

A

annuli in dentine, teeth, horns

animal pelts

sometimes using long bones (femur, humerus)

212
Q

how are fish scales used for aging

A

as scales grow they produce circular rings called annuli around a centre focus (warmer weather increases growth)

warm water = faster growth = rings far apart

cold water = slow growth = crowded circuli

213
Q

annuli

A

growth rings on fish scales used to determine age

faslse annuli is scale growth variation caused by periods of environmental stress

214
Q

how are otoliths used for aging fish

A

part of ear bones in bony fish

growth of annuli can determine age, growth rate, life history

215
Q

cementum annuli

A

annual deposits in mammal teeth

used for aging methods;

each season rings form (annuli)

216
Q

annual rings on mammal horns

A

used for aging horned mammals

each year the horn grows, rings form on the horns

rings closest to the skull are the most recent

217
Q

using tooth eruption/wear to age mammals (teeth categories)

A

premolars: teeth 1,2,3, used for cutting food
molars: teeth 4,5,6 used for grinding food
enamel: hard, white, outer surface of the tooth
dentine: soft, brown inner core of tooth
infundibulum: hollow portion in middle of tooth
tartar: brown staining on outside of teeth

218
Q

how are birds aged?

A

using feathers of the wings and tails

adults: primary feathers have rounded and smooth edged tips
juveniles: primary feathers have pointedness and frayed edges; base of quill still blue and soft

219
Q

names of different wing feathers

A

primaries

secondaries

coverts

quil: bare shaft of feather
retrices: large tail feathers

220
Q

tooth eruption and wear in deer

A

fawn: less than 6 cheek teeth

yearling (1.5 years): deer with 6 cheek teeth and a tricuspid third tooth

  1. 5 years: bicuspid third tooth is now stained, while the fourth tooth has little sign of wear on its ridges
  2. 5 years: fourth tooth begins to show signs of wear, while the fifth tooth maintains a more defined point
  3. 5 years: last tooth remains a defined point, while the other teeth show signs of wear
  4. 5 years: ridges are heavily worn on third, fourth and fifth teeth
221
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

differences in shape or form due to gender

222
Q

sexual dichromatism

A

differences in colour due to gender

223
Q

determining sex: bull and cow moose

A

bull: large antlers
cow: no antlers

224
Q

determining sex: bull caribou and cow

A

bull: large antlers
cow: short antlers

225
Q

male vs female duck

A

male: yellow bill
female: dark green bill

226
Q

male vs female mallards

A

male: green head, yellow beak, brown neck, beige body
female: mostly brown with white marks

227
Q

dabbling duck

A

type of shallow water duck that feeds primarily along the surface of the water or by tipping headfirst into the water to graze on aquatic plants, vegetation, larvae, and insects.

228
Q

diving duck

A

feed by diving beneath the surface of the water

229
Q

Northern Gannet

A

Cliff nesters
Feed on fish and squid
Plunge divers
Lay a single egg

230
Q

long tailed duck

A

Male duck has a long tail and a large white patch on its face
Female has a short tail with a very small white line on its face

diving duck

breeds in tundra tide pool

231
Q

common eider

A 
Male is black and white with a yellow beak
Female is brown 
Large stocky sea duck  
Breeds in the Arctic 
diving duck
232
Q

scoters

A 
Surf scoter
Black and white with orange beak 
White-winged scoter
Mostly black with small bits of white
Black scoter
Black with yellow and black beak
233
Q

harlequin duck

A

Males are orange, blue, white, and black. Very colourful
Females are mostly brown

Small sea duck
Short migrant

sensitive to oil spills and hydroelectric developments

234
Q

greater scaup

A 
Males are black, grey, and white with a slightly blue beak
Females are mostly brown
Also known as bluebill
Breeds in arctic
Large colonies
diving duck
235
Q

common merganser

A

Males are black, white, and have a green head
Females are grey and white with a short crest
Large slender diving bird
Long thin orange colored ,serrated bill
Feeds on mollusks, crustaceans and fish

236
Q

red-breasted merganser

A

Males are black, white and grey with a reddish/brown breast, white ring around neck, and black crested head
Females are mostly black/grey with brown crested head
Large diving duck
Both sexes have crested heads
fastest bird in horizontal flight

237
Q

common golden eye

A 
Males are black and white
Females are black, white, and brown
Medium sized diving duck  
Migratory  
"whislers"
237
Q

common golden eye

A 
Males are black and white
Females are black, white, and brown
Medium sized diving duck  
Migratory  
"whislers"
238
Q

bird bands and collars

A

Usually aluminum, numbered and carry a contact address
Must move freely on leg/neck but cannot be pull over foot/head
Butt-end bands
Lock-on and rivet bands
Dyes also used to mark feathers – draw attention to birds with bands
Web tags

239
Q

scute notches

A

Turtles are marked by filing notches in marginal scutes on their shell
This is best done with a small square file
Marks are permanent

240
Q

marking methods for wildlife

A 
Temporary or permanent marks placed on organisms 
Toe clips
Fin clips
Tattoos 
Brands (heat or freeze)
Fluorescent pigments
Subcutaneous latex injections

generally requires some form of mutilation but can’t influence behaviour of the marked organism – biased study

241
Q

permanent mark

A

long term study

242
Q

temporary mark

A

behavioural studies (over the corse of a day or night), oragnisation when sampling

243
Q

date-specific mark

A

both long-term and short term study, easy to apply

244
Q

individual-specific mark

A

detailed information on movement patterns, growth rates,

most difficult and time intensive

245
Q

pattern mapping

A

Colour patterns of some amphibians vary among individuals and are analogous to fingerprints.

Colouration patterns in the tails of Humpback Whales used to distinguish individuals

Patterns can be recorded or “mapped” with photographs or sketches

246
Q

fin clipping

A

Oldest basic methods for marking fish
Clipping of the fleshy adipose fin is commonly used to indicate hatchery origin for salmonids
Collect biological tissue for DNA studies
Often employed to distinguish between hatchery reared fish and wild stock

247
Q

advantages of fin clipping

A

inexpensive and easy to administer

248
Q

disadvantages of fin clipping

A

May not be a permanent morphological modification
May decrease survival due to infection, decreased ability to compete for food, or increased probability of predation
Limited number of mark configurations

249
Q

toe clipping

A

Most practical method for marking amphibians in the field
Can lead to infection, necrosis; ethical debate
Generally, no more than three toes are removed, but never more than one toe from each foot

250
Q

tattoo marking

A

use ink – very permanent but difficult to apply

251
Q

freeze branding

A

pressing a metal bar with a certain identifying design cooled to sub zero temperature to the dorsal body of a fish
Liquid nitrogen, compressed CO2, dry ice (solid CO2), and Freon

252
Q

hot branding

A

pressing a hot metal bar against skin

253
Q

Subcutaneous latex injections

A

Most subcutaneous tagging methods work best for medium to large frogs or fish

Visible Implant Elastomer (VIE) tags
injected internally but are externally visible
widely used as an alternative to toe clipping for identifying reptiles and amphibians

The VI Alpha tag has an alphanumeric code designed to identify individual specimens

254
Q

telemetry

A

involves electronic devices placed on the animal that transmit a signal to a receiver (radio collars, tags and implants)

Provides information on daily movement, seasonal movements, home range etc.

Track animals with minimal disturbance

Track animals you can’t see including fish

255
Q

aquatic habitat sampling

A

water temperature, dissolved oxygen, titration or electronic dissolved oxygen meeting, light penetration and turbidity, current velocity,

256
Q

water sampling devices

A

electronic sensors
light penetration
water velocity
v-notched weir

257
Q

water chemistry sampling

A

pH / acidity : measure of the ability to donate hydrogen ions
Alkalinity /basicity : measure of carbonates and bicarbonates in the water
Hardness ; measure of total concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions in the water
Conductivity : measure of the water’s ability to conduct electric current (related to hardness)
Nitrates: UV sondes
Hach kit

258
Q

terrestrial habitat sampling

A

Vegetation coverage

Quadrat Sampling : Daubenmire quadrats ( 20 x 50 cm)

Six coverage classes ( 0-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%,50- 75%,75-95% and 95-100%)

Line intercept method

Point frames: herbaceous vegetation

Visual-obstruction measurement devices: visual obstruction board and Robel pole

259
Q

forest habitat sampling

A

Canopy coverage or closure : is the percentage of the forest floor with tree cover directly overhead

DBH - diameter at breast height: tree density and basal area determination

Point quarter method, fixed and variable radius methods , cruise prisms, angle gauges, Bitterlich rod)

Tree heights : clinometers

Distances : range finders

LIDAR- laser imaging detection and ranging systems

260
Q

canopy coverage - forest habitat sampling

A

Important in evaluating and predicting wildlife values of timber/woodlot stands

Coverage in coniferous stands in excess of 70% important for deer and elk in colder regions

Reduces thermal loss in winter and will provide cool resting areas from summer heat

Canopy cover along streams reduces water temperature and indirectly reduces siltation

Cruise prism

Clinometer

Range finder

LIDAR

261
Q

microclimate

A

Climates on a very local scale can be of particular importance to wildlife

Can effect temperature , wind-speeds, precipitation and even humidity

Leeward vs. windward slopes

Reproductive success may be effected by microclimatic conditions

262
Q

herbage

A

grasses and forbs

radiometer can be calibrated against actual samples to measure herbage biomass

263
Q

browse

A

leaves, stems, shoots of shrubs and trees

264
Q

mast

A

other plant material (not grass, forbs, leaves, stems, shoots) used for food such as flowers an fruit

265
Q

nutrition of herbivores

A

food quality has more of an impact on herbivores

the nature and availability of plant material varies from place to place, species to species, season to season

Poor quality food (barely digestible).Food is only good for short periods

Ultimately good quality food is essential for growth and reproduction

266
Q

nutrition of carnivores

A

diet varies little in quality

nutritional value varies little species to species

some potential prey have evolved special features that hinder predators

for the most part it is a question of sufficient quantity rather than quality

267
Q

food value

A

energy content = gross energy content of prey or forage multiplied by the % that is digestible and metabolize

the more fiber the lower its digestibility. fiber content increases from spring through to winter. forage digestibility may be 30-40% of summer

268
Q

soil fertility

A

nutritional quality of vegetation is largely determined by soil fertility

numerous studies have demonstrated the positive relationship between the size of animals, densities, and soil fertility

269
Q

mineral compensation

A

Some animals supplement their mineral requirements from unlikely sources.

Calcium ; 99% of the calcium in the body is found as the hydroxyapatite matrix , of which vertebrate bones and teeth are primarily composed.

Female birds use calcium stored in their bones as well from increased intestinal absorption for eggshell formation

calcium is also mobilized from bones in mammals during lactation

some animals can experience calcium deficiencies

270
Q

herbivorous vertebrates may experience ________ deficiencies

A

sodium

271
Q

proteins, fats, and carbs

A

Protein – requirements can vary among vertebrates by species, age, gender and season
terrestrial carnivores diet often exceeds 25%
ruminants diets 5% - 9%
piscivorous fish diets often exceed 40%

Fat and protein reserves important during incubation
The lesser snow goose hen may loose from 25 – 30% of her weight during the 23 day incubation period

272
Q

food quantity & hibernation

A

hibernation is related to food availability

273
Q

how to reduce a population

A

increased hunting/cull or introduced predators

live trapping, removal, relocation

artificial feeding

habitat modification

274
Q

negative consequences of artificial feeding

A

monetary costs, diverts money from other wildlife programs

excessive damage to vegetation important to other wildlife species
behavioural changes

increased risk of disease transmission

loss of public regard for natural habitat and its management

275
Q

condition indices - visual scores

A

Subjective
Piloerection
Condition classes of bighorn sheep based on rump characteristics

276
Q

condition indices - physical measurements

A

body mass

body fat indices

organ weights - unreliable

blood indices - indicator of dietary protein

fecal analysis - estimate digestibility of forage

277
Q

condition index for salmonids

A 
Relative weight at length
Growth rate
Liver condition
Gonadal tissue
Gonadosomatic index (GSI)
Liver somatic index (LSI)
278
Q

conditional value “K”

A

determine’s health of individual fish
fulton’s index

K = 100 x weight / length^3

Condition values > 1.6 excellent
Condition vallues < 0.9 poor

279
Q

Gonadosoamtic index (GSI)

A

Energy investment into reproductive growth
Used to assess reproductive state (increases with time to reproduction, declines following spawning)
GSI = W gonads / W body-gonads x 100

280
Q

liver somatic index (LSI)

A

High LSI = poor condition
Liver size increases with poor health
LSI = W liver / W body-liver x 100

281
Q

cover

A

Prevents wastage of energy by protecting animals from adverse weather
Provide protection from predators
Provide cover for predators when stalking prey
Cover may vary with function but also with time

282
Q

shelter

A

Maintenance of body temperatures

Birds and mammals : homeothermic
Prevent excessive buildup or loss of heat

Fish , reptiles and amphibians : poikilothermic

There has not been a lot of study directed at the function of shelter as a component of cover

283
Q

concealment

A

cover as concealment

vegetation, undercut banks, snow

284
Q

subnivean environment

A

the environment between fallen snow and terrain. This is the environment of many hibernal animals, as it provides insulation and protection from predators.

285
Q

Myrica Pensylvanica - Bayberry or Candle Berry

A

wax covered fruit that keeps them from drying out and helps them survive winter.

provides food for animals in winter

286
Q

in stream structures for management

A

digger logs

cover logs

brush mats

channel deflectors

rock gabion baskets

287
Q

sand dune and barrier beach pond plants

A

bayberry/candle berry

sweet gale

sea rockets

beach pea

giant burr-reed

soft rush

bull rush

broadleaf cattail

american beach grass/marram grass

cord grass

pond weeds

water lilies

rhizomes

duck weed

288
Q

silviculture

A

study of forests

regeneration, harvesting, planting , insect control, thinning , fire control, and cutting.

289
Q

approaches of sustainable yield in forest habitats

A

even aged management

uneven aged management

290
Q

clear cut

A

removal of all trees from an area

291
Q

block cut

A

clear cutting of small areas

292
Q

shelterwood cut

A

removal of all trees except for a number of the larger ones to provide shade for developing seedlings

293
Q

seed tree cut

A

removal of all trees except for a number of larger ones that are left as a natural source of seed

294
Q

single tree selection cut

A

individual trees are marked and removed

295
Q

group selection cut

A

small groups of trees marked and removed

296
Q

rotation time

A

the number of years between the time a tree or stand is cut and the time it is replaced by an other harvestable tree or stand

297
Q

cut cycle

A

the number of years between cuts on a particular forest area

298
Q

shade tolerant

A

trees that can grow and reproduce under shaded conditions

299
Q

home range

A

the area included in the daily, seasonal , and annual travels of an individual animal in which they find food, shelter and other requirements they need to survive

Wildlife management plans for forested habitat must reflect home range particularly since forest harvesting can have such a dramatic impact

300
Q

management for a featured species in a forest

A

maintenance or improvement of the habitat for one or few species while the food and cover needs other species is largely ignored

frequently applied to game animals and endangered species

301
Q

management for species richness

A

objective to maintain or create suitable habitat for the entier community of plants and animals

302
Q

snags

A

trees which ahve died for any number of reasons and remain standing in the forest

provide nesting, perching and feeding sites for a wide variety of birds. important as well to a number of mammal species

in north america 55 species of birds nest in tree vacities

303
Q

tree cavities

A

provide shelter for a number of species

304
Q

fallen trees and logs

A

dead wood including trees and logs have an important ecological role to play

nurse logs

base for fungi

habitat for wildlife

305
Q

fires & wildlife

A

A general ecological effect of fire is to set back succession

few birds or mammals perish

prescribed burning used as a management tool

fires generally favour large mammals such as deer and moose. the same cannot be said for woodland caribou

306
Q

pei rocks

A

sandstone

307
Q

red maple laeves

A

serrated edges

tooth margin

308
Q

sugar maple leaves

A

smooth edges

309
Q

fruit of red oak

A

acorn

310
Q

white pine

A

needles in clusters of five

311
Q

red pine

A

needles in clusters of 2

312
Q

why do springs bubble?

A

the aquifer is under pressure and the gas gets released

groundwater finds its way to the surface

the pressure in the auifer is covered by a layer that is greater than the atmospheric pressure at the land

313
Q

trapping

A

catching, killing, skinning, and utilizing an animal

animals can only be taken if they will be utilized

nuisance work does not utilize the animals, instead it just kills them

314
Q

standard leg hole

A

jaws that come together for muskrats and mink

no teeth on the jaws

holds the animal long enough to drown it but doesn’t’ break any limb

315
Q

modified leg hole

A

for foxes and coyotes

more lamination to hold onto the leg of an animal

stronger chain to secure the animal

can be used to catch the animal for taggina dn tacking

come in a variety of sizes

traps have been tested to ensure it doens’t harm the animal

316
Q

conibear trap

A

rotating jaw

for muskrats

placed in the path of an animal

wire breaks their neck or kills them on impact

variety of sizes - big ones for beavers

there are rules and regulations for them as they can kill pets

317
Q

encapsulating trap

A

for raccoons

catches them by their paws

they have lots of nerve endings so they can’t be caught using leg holes because it bothers them a lot

check time of 24 hours because it is a live trap

318
Q

cage trap or funnel trap

A

for muskrat and mink

gets submerged underwater and drowns the animal

there are also cage traps for skunks but they aren’t submerged and aren’t as effective as conibear traps. therefore, they aren’t commonly used

319
Q

non-powered snare

A

tightens around animal’s neck, choking it as it pulls away and struggled

it locks as it tightens so it can’t loosen and allow the animals to escape

power snares are allowed in NB but are against the law here because of the risk it poses to pets. these always kill while non-powered depends on how much the animal resists

320
Q

check time on snares (kill device)

A

48 hours

321
Q

check time on live traps

A

24 hours

322
Q

check time for conibears

A

72 hours

323
Q

traps must have your ____ ____ on it or conservation officers can seize the trap and fine you

A

license number

324
Q

instead of bag limits for fur bags, pei has __ ___

A

trap limits

325
Q

brackish area

A

mix of salt and freshwater but mostly fresh

326
Q

Blooming Point and Indian River Wildlife Reserve are ___ ___

A

staging areas

area where wildlife rests during migration

327
Q

____ ____ is the longest river system in the province

A

Scales Pond

328
Q

earthen berm

A

A compacted earth or gravel ridge, excavated channel or a combination of ridge and channel designed to direct runoff away from or around disturbed areas.

329
Q

with a _____ culvert, fish can’t spawn and navigate upstream

A

perch

330
Q

white fungus problem on fish

A

Saprolegnia fairfax

due to water being warmer than normal

fungus parasitizes fish

331
Q

how to sex salmon

A

In males, back and sides are bright red to dirty red-gray, head is bright to olive green, tail is green to black.

In females, colors not as bright, but red above lateral line. NO distinct spots on back or tail fin.

332
Q

____ of environments are important for life

A

edges

333
Q

_____ are the most important organisms in marshes

A

bacteria

provide food for many animals

334
Q

tide channels are ____ sources of water

A

permanent

335
Q

snow geese in peril

A

population boom of 1200% since 1970s

The high feeding activity of geese cause mudflats to occur, which have such high salt concentrations even typical saltwater plants cant live there

336
Q

four age classes of deer

A

fawn - 6 months

yearling - 1 1/2 years

middle aged - 2 1/2 to 4 1/2 years

mature - 5 1/2 + years

337
Q

enamel

A

hard white outer coating of teeth

338
Q

dentine

A

brown inner core of tooth

339
Q

cusp

A

pointed tooth

340
Q

back cusp

A

last cusp on tooth 6

Principles of Wildlife Biology (1 decks)

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