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dino flaschards > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

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1
Q

4 characteristics of dinos

A

1) posture: upright
2) skull openings: 2 behind the skull orbit on each side, 4 total (post-orbital fenestra)
3) habitat: terestrial
4) locomotion: digitigrade (walk on toes)

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2
Q

What rocks are most likely to contain fossils?

A

Sedimentary

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3
Q

4 types of sedimentary rock environments

A

1) fluvial: river-based (lots!)
2) lacustrine: lake-based (common)
3) eolian: desert/wind
4) deltaic: river/lake (many)

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4
Q

Period names and dates for mesozoic era

A

Cretaceous (144-65Ma)
Jurassic (201-144Ma)
Triassic (250-201Ma)

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5
Q

What are the target age, type, and paleoenvironemnts for sedimentary rocks?

A

Age: mid triassic to late cretaceous
Type: sand, mud, clay, silt
Paleoenvironment: lacustrine/fluvial most likely, deltaic/eolian likely

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6
Q

Why aren’t there dinos in Williamsburg?

A
  • the surface sediment is too young
  • most surface sediment in wburg is marine

Bonus: they’re rare in all of VA because there aren’t many mesozoic surface rocks in VA

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7
Q

What are the 2 dino hip types and what do the names mean?

A
  1. Saurischia (lizard hipped)

2. Ornithischia (bird hipped) - not bird ancestors

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8
Q

What evolutionary novelties define dinos?

A
  1. elongate deltopectoral crest on humorous
  2. brevis shelf on the ventral surface of the post acetabular part of the ilium
  3. extensively perforated acetabulum
  4. tibia with a transversely expanded sub-rectangular lower end
  5. ascending process of the astragalus
  6. loss of postfrontal (skull roofing bone)
  7. epiphysis on the cervical vertebrae

Easiest 3 to remember:

  1. elongate deltopectoral crest on humorous
  2. extensively perforated acetabulum
  3. loss of postfrontal
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9
Q

What are the 2 ways to estimate dinosaur weight?

A
  1. using skeletal dimensions
    measure length, circumference, cross-sectional area of bones and use those to estimate weight
  2. use scale model
    build model of known scale, calculate water volume displacement, scale volume up, use density of living croc (0.9 kg/L) to convert to kg
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10
Q

What are dinosaur poo fossils called?

A

Coprolites

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11
Q

What type of coprolite is most common?

A

Carnivore ones, phosphatic minerals in bones eaten aid in preservation

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12
Q

What are 3 examples from the Carpenter article for T-Rex scavenger vs predation?

A

All of them:

  1. Olfactory: big olfactory lobes mean good smell for carrion or prey (neutral evidence)
  2. Failed predation marks on herbivores (pro predation)
  3. Speed: long metatarsals mean long stride and tail can be used for momentum (pro predation)
  4. Short arms: stress fractures in arms could only be made if using them to capture prey, arms were muscular (pro predation)
  5. Eyesight: known for sporadic ring, scale means eyes were 4 inches which mean day poor/low vision in the dark (neutral?)

Easiest to remember:

  1. failed predation marks
  2. long metatarsals for speed
  3. stress fractures in arms
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13
Q

3 pieces of evidence for ectothermy, 5 pieces of evidence for endothermy.

A

Ectothermy:

  1. lack of respiratory turbinates
  2. growth rings in teeth like crocs
  3. lines of arrested growth, similar to reptiles

Endothermy:

  1. upright posture, only mammals have this
  2. growth rates more similar to birds than reptiles
  3. predator-prey ratio more similar to other endotherms
  4. global distribution more similar to endotherms
  5. phylogeny: birds are descendants of dinos
  6. evidence of a 4-chambered heart
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14
Q

What dino group is most likely to be endothermic?

A

Theropods, they are closest relatives to birds which are endotherms and their energy and activity requirements would require endothermy

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15
Q 
1 major dino group in detail (in the answers are stegosaur and ankylosaur but u do u boo)
What does the name mean?
Stratigraphic range?
Geographic range?
Diet?
Bipedal/quadrupedal?
3 evolutionary novelties
A

Steggysaur
What does the name mean? “armor bearing”
Stratigraphic range? mid jurassic to early cretaceous
Geographic range? N&S America, Europe, Asia, Africa
Diet? Herbivore
Bipedal/quadrupedal? Quadrupedal
3 evolutionary novelties
1. large and block like wrist bones
2. loss of ossified tendons down back and tail
3. broad and plate like acromial process

Ankles
What does the name mean? “destroyer of shins”
Stratigraphic range? late cretaceous
Geographic range? N America
Diet? herbivore
Bipedal/quadrupedal? quadrupedal
3 evolutionary novelties
1. fusion of first tail vertebrae to sacral vertebrae and ilium
2. rotation of ilium to form flaring blades
3. developmental of dorsal shield of symmetrically placed bony plates and spines

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16
Q

What is the main research goal of the bringing back brontosaurus study (tschopp et al)?

A

Build a phylogeny

17
Q
  1. What group of organisms did the tschopp et al focus on?

2. How many specimens did tschopp include in the study/how many characters did they include?

A
  1. diplodocidae / diplodocid sauropods

2. 81 specimens, 477 characters

18
Q
  • How did the Tschopp et all work differ from past work? (two ways)
  • Describe 3 results Tschopp obtained
A
  • ways it differs (2)
    1. specimen rather than species based approach
    2. increased the number of characters studied substantially
  • results (3)
    1. some species in apatosaurus and diplodocus are genetically distinct
    2. the genus brontosaurus is valid
    3. brontosaurus is a sister clade of apatosaurus
19
Q

Journalists reporting on the Tschopp article:

  1. describe a way each journalist captures the reader’s attention
  2. describe a scientific inaccuracy from one of the reports
  3. which of the reports is the most accurate?
A
  1. catching attention
    -catchy title (CNN, Daily Mail, Fox)
    -catchy first sentence (CNN, Daily Mail, Fox)
    -include Marsh history (CNN, Daily Mail, Fox)
    ^included these three since they apply to all, just remember the thing and fill in a random report :D
  2. scientific inaccuracy
    CNN didn’t italicize genus names, said 500 characters instead of 477
  3. which is the most accurate?
    - Daily Mail (discussed specimen based approach, tree building, anatomical differences ex. bronto has a wider neck than apato)
    - Fox (discussed tree, number of characters, author, used italics)
20
Q

Sue case study

  1. Who discvered Sue?
  2. Where was Sue discovered?
  3. When was Sue discovered?
  4. What was the ownership controversy?
  5. How was the legal battle resolved?
  6. Ethical issues?
  7. How can said issues be resolved in the future
A
  1. Sue Hendricks
  2. Cheyenne river reservation (South Dakota)
  3. 1990
  4. does it belong to excavators, the land renter, or land owners?
  5. ownership went to the land renter Maurice Williams
  6. who should be allowed to collect fossils? who owns fossils? who should pay for fossils?
  7. idk man just figure out your shit
21
Q

Jurassic park

  1. plot devices
  2. cloning of dinos feasible?
  3. scientific inaccuracies
A
  1. plot devices
    - foreshadowing: talk about velociraptors being scary af in the beginning, turns out velociraptors are scary af, builds suspense/anticipation
    - deus ex machina: t-rex fucks the velociraptors up in the end instead of the humans finding a way to defeat them, enforces the idea that humans can’t overrule nature
  2. cloning?
    - hell no bitch, dino DNA wouldn’t last that long even in amber, they would have needed to be MUCH more careful even if the DNA did exist in there to extract it, even IF they could extract it cloning tech hasn’t proven successful in modern times (short life spans). Also the bug they used in the film didn’t even drink blood so
  3. inaccuracies
    - velociraptors weren’t skinny bitches
    - t-rex didn’t have bad vision
    - dino poop wasn’t so huge
    - dilophsarus didn’t spit venom and was actually bigger than that
22
Q

Arbour research article (on ankylosaur)

  1. what were the research goals/questions?
  2. what taxa/where/when?
  3. what data/methods?
  4. results?
A
  1. research questions
    - what was the function of the club?
    - how is the tail formed?
    - could the club be used as a weapon?
  2. what taxa? from where? when?
    - dyoplosaurus acutosquameus, euphlocephalus tutus
    - N America
    - late cretaceous
  3. what data and methods used?
    - shape, number of vertebrae
    - CT scan for internal anatomy of tail club
    - reconstruction
    - concentration of blood vessels
  4. primary results
    - use of tail club only as a weapon not supported or refuted
    - structures evolved to generate forceful impacts (used to hit things)
    - a big ankles could break ankles
23
Q

what organisms went extinct in the blast?

A
  1. plesiosaur
  2. mosasaur
  3. brutus clam
  4. non avian dinos
24
Q

Evidence for bolide impact?

A
  • Iridium is otherwise rare on earth but abundant in astroids
  • Spherules (vaporized rock) spread near and far from the impact site
  • Tektites are good evidence of impact location because they deposit close by
  • more stuff bro but idk them atm
25
Q

What are the environmental effects of the bolide impact?

A

Tsunamis, wildfires, dust clouds, acidic gases

26
Q

Dino locomotion: what do the RS values mean?

A

RS <2 : walking
2 < RS > 2.9 : trotting
RS > 2.9 : running

27
Q

What environments are bone beds likely to form in?

A

lake
watering hole
crevasse splay
debris flow

28
Q

What are the 2 predation strategies?

A
  1. large cat
    wrestle and grapple with prey, chomp neck to suffocate
    t rex
  2. land shark
    slice and go, perhaps pack hunting
    velociraptor
29
Q 
Mayor's griffin myth stuff
Origin
Region of origin
What people?
When?
Supporting evidence
A

Origin of griffin: protoceratops fossils

Region of myth origin: gobi dessert

From what people: saka-scythian people

When: 2800 years ago

What info supports: mummies of scythian people have tattoos of griffins that predate greek writings, protoceratops fossils occur in the region

30
Q

4 types of vertebrae

A

cervical (neck)
dorsal (back)
sacral (hip)
caudal (tail)

31
Q

7 major groups of dinos

A

ft. the WORST spelling ever

theropods
sauropods
ornithopods
ceratopsian
pachysephalasaur
stegosaur
ankylosaur

dino flaschards (1 decks)

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