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BIOC 2580 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Combine two organic chemical functional groups:
1. Carbonyl (C=O) group, which is either an aldehyde or a
ketone, AND
2. at least two carbons bearing hydroxyl (alcohol) (-C-OH)
groups.
polyhydroxy-aldehydes (Aldoses)
or
polyhydroxy-ketones (Ketoses)

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2
Q

Chemical properties of monosaccharides

A

very water-soluble
* poorly soluble or insoluble in organic solvents such
as ether or hexane
* colourless
* most are sweet to the taste
* Approx. formula (CH2O)n
10

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3
Q

The simplest monosaccharides

A

contain three
carbon atoms (Trioses)

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4
Q

Fischer projection formulas to represent three-dimensional
sugar structures on paper

A

Emil Fischer

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5
Q

Enantiomers

A

Mirror Images - Differ in configuration at every chiral
carbon atom.
* Commonly called “left-handed” and “right-handed”
forms of a molecule.
* Have identical chemical properties (e.g. melting
point, water-solubility)
* Differ in “optical activity” - the plane of polarization
of polarized light is bent in opposite directions when
passing through solutions of the two enantiomers.

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6
Q

Diastereomers

A
  • Monosaccharides with more than one
    chiral carbon atoms have stereoisomers
    that differ in handedness at some
    carbon atoms but not at others.
  • do not have identical
    chemical properties
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7
Q

Epimers

A

A pair of sugars that are identical except for the
configuration at one carbon atom

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8
Q

Hemiacetal and hemiketal formation turns sugars into

A

ring structures.

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9
Q

found either in the α or the β form of the hemiacetal

A

Solid glucose

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10
Q

mutarotation

A

solid glucose When dissolved in water, it slowly converts into an equilibrium
mixture of the alpha, beta, and linear forms

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11
Q

ring form: pyranose

A

6 membered

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12
Q

ring forms: furanose

A

5 membered

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13
Q

The anomeric carbon atom of a sugar (the only carbon attached to two
oxygen atoms) is

A

electrophilic

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14
Q

In principle, any -OH group on a sugar can act as a nucleophile

A

and form a glycosidic bond to the anomeric carbon atom of another sugar. This is
how sugars are assembled into polymers (oligosaccharides) such as starch and cellulose

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15
Q

If the anomeric carbon is involved in a glycosidic bond the sugar becomes a

A

non-reducing sugar

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16
Q

A disaccharide is formed when

A

when two monosaccharides are
linked through a glycosidic bond.

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17
Q

The reaction of a disaccaride forming occurs when

A

the anomeric carbon (electrophile)
of one sugar reacts with a hydroxyl group (nucleophile)of the
other

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18
Q

Lactose is a disaccharide formed by the

A

condensation of
glucose with galactose

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19
Q

the glycosidic bond is described a

A

(β1→4): going from
C-1of galactose in the β configuration to C-4 of glucose

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20
Q

Lactose is named

A

gal(β1→4)glc

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21
Q

sucrose is a ____ sugar

A

non- reducing

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22
Q

Homopolysaccharides

A

made from a single type of
sugar monomer

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23
Q

Heteropolysaccharides

A

made from two or more kinds of
sugar subunits

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24
Q

Why is glucose stored as glycogen
(animals) and starch (plants) and
not in its free form?

A

to not upset the osmotic balances in the cell. Glucose molecules are soluble in water and thus can cause the cell to become hypertonic. This will result in the entry of water molecules within the cells and cause it to lyse.

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25
Q

Friedrich Miescher

A

first isolated DNA

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26
Q

Nucleic acids are ____ polymers
made by connecting nucleotides via
______ bonds

A

linear, phosphodiester

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27
Q

The OH group undergoes _____ tautomerism

A

keto/ enol

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28
Q

The NH2 group undergoes ________ tautomerism.

A

amino/ imino

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29
Q

The phosphate groups are completely
ionized and ______ charged at pH 7

A

negatively

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30
Q

phosphate groupe 5’ end has a __ charge

A

-2

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31
Q

if theres oh groups at 3’ and 5’ end

A

no charge

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32
Q

The 2′ hydroxyl of RNA, which is absent from DNA, acts as a
_______ in an intramolecular displacement, breaking the
_______ linkage.

A

nucleophile, phosphodiester

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33
Q

Why are triacylglycerols such a good source of fuel storage

A

Because they are insoluble in water large amounts can be stored in cells
without increasing the osmotic pressure of the cytosol. The hydrophobicity also
allows the storage of TAGs without the added weight of hydration

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34
Q

Why are triacylglycerols not a significant component of biological membranes?

A

TAGs are completely hydrophobic.
Therefore, they cannot assemble into a bilayer structure to form membranes.

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35
Q

If ninhydrin is used to detect phospholipids separated using thin
layer chromatography, which of the phospholipids discussed in class would you be
able to detect?

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine as they both contain primary
amino groups.

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36
Q

Differentiate between a nucleoside and a nucleotide.

A

A nucleoside is a base attached to a ribose (or deoxyribose) sugar. A nucleotide is a
nucleoside with one or more phosphoryl groups attached to the sugar.

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37
Q

The cyclization of glucose

A

Generates a new chiral carbon atom

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38
Q

The complete hydrolysis of one mole of phosphatidylglycerol yields the components fatty acid, glycerol and phosphate, in which of the following respective molar ratios?

A

2:2:1

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39
Q

Chargaff’s rules

A

A = T , G = C

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40
Q

who Used X-ray crystallography to identify
the secondary structure of DNA

A

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

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41
Q

who obtained
the first useful X-ray
diffraction images of DNA:
“photo 51”

A

Rosalind Franklin

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42
Q

who came up
with a model for DNA secondary
structure in

A

Francis Crick and James Watson

43
Q

The hydrophilic sugar phosphate
backbone is on the ______ of the helix
facing the surrounding water

A

outside

44
Q

The vertically stacked base pairs
are ___ Å apart.

A

3.4

45
Q

_____hydrogen bonds
form between C and G

A

three

46
Q

__ hydrogen bonds
form between A and T

A

two

47
Q

Most of the common naturally-occurring fatty acids found
in human cells

A

have an even number of carbon atoms.

48
Q

Which of the following best describes the lipid aggregates
known as vesicles?

A

They are derived from a bilayer sheet.

49
Q

When separating a mixture of lipids by adsorption
chromatography, which lipid is likely to come out of the column
first (the least likely to be retained)?

A

A triacylglycerol

50
Q

What forces stabilize the double helix?

A

hydrophobic effect (the hydrophobic bases are
hidden in the core)
* H-bonding of base pairs
* van der Waals stacking of bases

51
Q

discovered coenzyme A and ATP

A

Fritz Lipman

52
Q

Hydrolysis releases the ______ _______ among the negative
charges.

A

electrostatic
repulsion

53
Q

The product inorganic phosphate has
greater _____ _________ than
does ATP.

A

resonance stabilization

54
Q

Hydrolysis of the link between gamma and beta phosphate
(nucleophilic attack of the γ phosphate) yields

A

ADP and Pi, releasing ~30 kJ of energy.

55
Q

Hydrolysis of the α-β linkage
(Nucleophilic attack of the α phosphate) yeilds

A

AMP and pyrophosphate (PPi).
ATP → AMP + PPi

56
Q

the free energy of hydrolysis of ATP to AMP + PPi is _____ as large as the free energy of hydrolysis of ATP to ADP +
P

A

twice

57
Q

How does ATP hydrolysis drive reactions?

A

ATP hydrolysis is the catabolic reaction process by which chemical energy that has been stored in the high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released after splitting these bonds

58
Q

First step of the mechanism of Glutamine synthetase

A

ATP reacts with glutamate to produce a covalent intermediate, a mixed anhydride of phosphate and glutamate

59
Q

Second step of the mechanism of Glutamine synthetase

A

NH3, acting as a nucleophile, reacts with the electrophilic carbonyl carbon atom. Pi, the leaving group, is displaced

60
Q

ATP provides energy through

A

group transfer

61
Q

the process of building up larger and
more complex molecules from simple precursors

A

anabolism

62
Q

the breakdown of large molecules and
foodstuffs into simpler products.

A

catabolism

63
Q

Redox reactions can proceed _______ if ΔE0 ́ >
0

A

spontaneously

64
Q

Inorganic ions:

A

Fe2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+

65
Q

NADP NADPH Redox reactions occur at the ring.

A

nicotinamide

66
Q

used as the oxidizing agent in catabolic processes
(e.g., fatty acid oxidation, TCA cycle etc).
The resulting NADH is reoxidized via the electron transport
chain to generate energy

A

NAD+

67
Q

used as the reducing agent in biosynthesis (e.g.,
fatty acid synthesis, steroid synthesis etc.)

A

NADPH

68
Q

Which reducing agent is stronger

A

The lower reduction potential

69
Q

Which oxidizing agent is stronger

A

The higher reduction potential

70
Q

he standard reduction potential value of
FAD bound to a protein (to give a “flavoprotein”) can be very different from the
value for free FAD why?

A

This tight binding can
modify (“tune”) the reduction potential of the co-factor, because the reduced and
oxidized forms may be bound differently. whereas NAD does not bond very tightly

71
Q

Beta oxidation was identified by

A

Franz Knoop

72
Q

Acyl CoA synthetase occurs in the

A

outer mitochondrial membrane

73
Q

Fatty acids (with >12 carbons) are transported into the
mitochondrial matrix via the ______ ______ in the form of ___ ____ _____ ____ \

A

acyl-carnitine / carnitine
transporter,, fatty acyl-carnitine esters

74
Q

Beta oxidation consists of four
steps:

A
  1. oxidation
  2. hydration
  3. oxidation
  4. thiolysis
75
Q

Step 1 of beta oxidation: Oxidation by FAD forms a
___ _____ between the ____ ____ ______ of fatty acyl CoA (alkane to
alkene)

A

double bond, alpha and beta carbons

76
Q

Step 2 of beta oxidation : _____ is added across the
double bond to give an alcohol at the
beta carbon (Hydration of the alkene to
an alcohol)

A

water

77
Q

step 3 of beta oxidation: Oxidation of the
alcohol by ______

A

NAD+

78
Q

Step 4 of beta oxidation: ____ of the bond between α and β carbons (thiolysis)

A

Lysis

79
Q

Each round of beta oxidation produces an _____ and
shortens the chain by _____ carbons

A

acetyl-CoA, two

80
Q

It is the only pathway that can provide energy under
____ conditions

A

anaerobic

81
Q

glycolisis occus in the

A

cytosol

82
Q

Carnitine is used

A

for transport of fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial
membrane

83
Q

The first step of beta-oxidation, catalyzed by acyl-CoA
dehydrogenase, involves

A

the formation of a double bond

84
Q

The first reaction in glycolysis that is involved in “substrate level
phopshorylation” (the synthesis of a high energy phosphate
compound) is catalyzed by

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

85
Q

The two glycolytic enzymes that function by similar catalytic
mechanisms are

A

phosphohexose isomerase and triose phosphate isomerase

86
Q

If one mol of myristate undergoes complete beta oxidation, it will produce ______mol of Acetyl-CoA, ______ mol of NADH and _____ mol of FADH2.

A

7,6,6

87
Q

malate-aspartate shuttle goes to

A

liver, kidney, heart

88
Q

glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle

A

goes to skull and skeletal muscle

89
Q

The liver converts the lactate back to
glucose, through the pathway known as

A

gluconeogenesis

90
Q

whose studies led to
the concept of the citric acid cycle

A

Albert Szent-Györgyi

91
Q

metabolism of all these
organic acids was linked together in a
cyclic, rather than a linear, pathway

A

Hans Krebs

92
Q

Coenzyme Q aka

A

ubiquinone

93
Q

what is a soluble protein in the
mitochondrial intermembrane space
and shuttles electrons from complex III ofthe ETC to complex IV.

A

Cytochrome C

94
Q

reducing equivalents in ETC

A

Reducing equivalents from
1. NADH - via Complex I
2. Succinate dehydrogenase
(FADH2)- via Complex II.
3. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
(FADH2) -through a series of
electron carriers.
4. Glyerol-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase shuttle
(FADH2)

95
Q

in etc all carries are reduced if they are ___ and before and oxidized if they are _____ and onwards.

A

Q, chytrochrome c

96
Q

Chemical potential energy

A

Due to difference in
concentration of H

97
Q

Electrical potential energy: Due to

A

the separation of charges

98
Q

what did Peter Mitchell come up with

A

Chemiosmotic Theory

99
Q

what is a natural uncoupler

A

DNP

100
Q

peripheral membrane protein F1 was first identified by

A

Efraim Racker

101
Q

Fo is

A

integral membrane protein

102
Q

in f1 Each subunit contains a catalytic
site for ATP synthesis.

A

β

103
Q

found the equilibrium constant for
the reaction ADP + Pi → ATP + H2O to be
close to 1, when the reaction occurs in the
active site of the ATP synthase. (i.e., the free
energy change for the reaction, under these
conditions, is about zero

A

Paul Boyer

BIOC 2580 (2 decks)

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