final

Question 1

insertion - out of frame

Answer 1

addition of one or more nucleotides, which disrupts the production of the protein because the codons are disrupted

Question 2

insertion - in frame

Answer 2

addition of 3 (6, or other number divisible by 3) nucleotides, so it does not alter the codons and reading frame is still in tact

Question 3

deletion - out of frame

Answer 3

deletion of one or more nucleotides which affects the codon and production of proteins

Question 4

deletion - in frame

Answer 4

deletion of 3 or number divisible by three nucleotides, so codon and reading frame are not altered

Question 5

substitution

Answer 5

a mutation that exchanges one nucleotide base for another

Question 6

missense

Answer 6

when a single nucleotide base in a DNA sequence is swapped for another one, resulting in a different codon and amino acid/protein

Question 7

nonsense/stop mutation

Answer 7

a change in DNA that causes a protein to terminate or end its translation earlier than expected

Question 8

what is a codon

Answer 8

group of 3 nucleotide bases that forms a genetic code for the production of a protein

Question 9

how to read sequencing gels to get the sequence of DNA

Answer 9

look at the dark bands in each column; each column is a different base (nucleotide)
by reading from the bottom up, you can determine the nucleotide sequence

Question 10

gene therapy

Answer 10

-a technique that modifies a person’s genes to treat or cure disease - can be done in vivo or ex vivo
-adding or taking away copies of genes
-still in clinical trials/experimental phase

Question 11

what makes a disorder a good candidate for gene therapy

Answer 11

1- if the condition can be fixed by changing one/ a few genes
2- if the genes involved are known
3- need to understand the biology of the disease
4- if you can add a normal copy of a gene OR remove a defective gene to fix the disorder
5- if you can deliver the corrected gene to the affected tissuedanger

Question 12

dangers associated with gene therapy

Answer 12

1- immune responses can be unusual
2- off-target modification - attacks wrong cells
3- insertion mutagenesis - creation of mutations by adding genes
4- ethical problems - eugenics, informed consent, athletic uses

Question 13

steps in making a recombinant viral molecule for gene therapy

Answer 13

1- cut DNA into reproducible fragments using restriction enzyme
2- paste DNA fragments into vector in order to transfer DNA into host cell
3- grow the host cells to obtain large quantities of cloned DNA for study

Question 14

using a genetic chart to determine the amino acids coded for by codons

Answer 14

start at first position, go to second, then third and read amino acid that is with that codon