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Into to Ethics > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

The senses cannot give us knowledge.

A

True

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2
Q

What represents The Good, the Form of all forms?

A

The sun

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3
Q

There are five forms of love.

A

True

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4
Q

What are the five forms of love?

A

Phtleo: Brotherly love, friendship

Storge: Family love

Agape: Divine love

Eros: Erotic love

Pederasty

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5
Q

What does the inside of the cave represent?

A

The world of appearance, the empirical world, a world in a constant state of flux.

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6
Q

In the Allegory of the Cave, the prisoners believe they know what reality is like.

A

True

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7
Q

In the Allegory of the Cave, the prisoners are just like us.

A

True

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8
Q

In the Allegory of the Cave, the prisoners don’t know that they are prisoners.

A

True

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9
Q

In the Allegory of the Cave, the prisoners see only the shadows of things, not the things themselves.

A

True

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10
Q

On Plato’s view, beautiful objects in the physical world are only shadows of beauty itself.

A

True

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11
Q

Beauty itself does not wane.

A

True

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12
Q

According to Plato, beauty itself is not physical.

A

True

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13
Q

Beauty itself, like justice itself, is a form, an immaterial object, and therefore can be perceived only by reason, not by the senses.

A

True

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14
Q

Empiricism is ________.

A

the view that all knowledge comes through experience

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15
Q

On Plato’s view, forms are more real than physical objects.

A

True

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16
Q

On Plato’s view, although the forms are not physical, they may be seen with physical eyes.

A

False

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17
Q

On Plato’s view, although the forms are not mental, they exist only in the mind.

A

False

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18
Q

Plato’s view is dualistic because he believed two things: material things and nonmaterial things.

A

True

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19
Q

Plato’s view is dualistic because he had two personalities.

A

False

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20
Q

Plato’s view is dualistic because he had only two beliefs: Socrates is a man and Socrates is mortal.

A

False

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21
Q

Like Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, which represents the process of enlightenment whereby one turns from the less real to the more real, Plato’s ladder of love represents the pursuit of love to be an assent from what is less real to what is more real.

A

True

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22
Q

What does the word “symposium” mean when taken literally from Greek?

A

Drinking together

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23
Q

There are several Greek words for “love.” Which one is Plato trying to define in The Symposium?

A

Eros, or erotic love.

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24
Q

On Plato’s view, sexual love begins as physical, but it is actually a desire for something non-physical.

A

True

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25
Q

On Plato’s view, true beauty is in the eye of the beholder and varies from person to person. It is merely subjective preference.

A

False

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26
Q

How is “love” defined in the Symposium?

A

Love is a desire always to possess the Good.

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27
Q

Beautiful things are physical.

A

True

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28
Q

In order to have the legitimate right over the whole of another person, one must grant that person the same rights over the whole of oneself.

A

True

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29
Q

Marriage requires conjugal cohabitation on the basis of a contract that grants reciprocal possession of each other, according to Kant.

A

True

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30
Q

According to Kant, sexual impulse may be satisfied only in marriage and only for purposes of procreation.

A

False

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31
Q

According to Kant, it is always wrong to satisfy sexual impulse since it is a physical desire.

A

False

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32
Q

According to Kant, marriage requires the blessing of God.

A

False

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33
Q

According to Kant, adultery is wrong because of the pain it universally causes.

A

False

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34
Q

According to Kant, in prostitution people treat each other merely as a means, while extra-marital sex between people who really care for each other treats each partner as an end in him or herself.

A

False

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35
Q

According to Kant, prostitution is wrong because of the pain it typically causes, but sex between people who care for each other that harms no one is morally permitted.

A

False

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36
Q

According to Kant, the fact that humans have intrinsic values means that each person owns him or herself.

A

False

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37
Q

According to Kant, the idea that we own ourselves leads to a contradiction.

A

True

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38
Q

According to Kant, the only legitimate satisfaction of sexual impulse requires rights over the whole person, not just part of the person.

A

True

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39
Q

To give a person sexual rights over one’s body but to retain other rights is to adopt a maxim that contradicts itself, according to Kant,

A

True

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40
Q

Kant’s categorical imperative (1)

A

Act only according to the maxim that you can at the same time will to be a universal law.

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41
Q

Kant’s categorical imperative (2)

A

Treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of any other, always as an end and never as a means only.

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42
Q

When Hobbes says human power is essentially equal in the state of nature he means “power” in a descriptive or normative sense?

A

In a descriptive sense, meaning physical force.

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43
Q

“Pleasure alone is intrinsically valuable” is normative or descriptive?

A

normative

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44
Q

What is Mill’s view of what he calls “experiments of living?”

A

They should be allowed (if people want to try them) so that we can progress.

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45
Q

“Seeking happiness is good” is normative

A

True

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46
Q

If different cultures have different standards, then Ethical Relativism is true.

A

False

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47
Q

On a libertarian view, rights are negative or positive?

A

Negative only

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48
Q

According to Libertarianism, every person owns his or her own life.

A

True

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49
Q

According to Peter Singer, we are the equivalent to murderers when we let someone die when we could have saved them.

A

True

50
Q

If ethical relativism is true, then there is no right and wrong.

A

False

51
Q

If A, then B
Not B,
Therefore, Not A

The above argument is an example of

A

Modus tollens

52
Q

According to rule utilitarianism

A

We ought to obey the rule that would promote the greatest good for the greatest number

53
Q

Marquis denies the fetus is a person

A

False

54
Q

If a human being lacks the higher capacities, its life has less values than a human being with those capacities, according to Peter Singer.

A

False

55
Q

What is the difference between a positive right and a negative right?

A

A positive right is a right that requires others to provide you with a good or service, while a negative right requires that others do not interfere with your actions.

56
Q

Prescriptive hedonism is the view that pleasure alone is intrinsically valuable.

A

True

57
Q

According to James Rachels. the 1973 AMA statement

A

forbids active euthanasia but allows passive euthanasia.

58
Q

Kant’s view is like rule utilitarianism in that

A

Both believe the formation of rules is an important part of moral reasoning.

59
Q

Mill believes that liberty is one of the elements of well-being. That means without freedom, we are not really happy in the large sense Mill has in mind in On Liberty.

A

True

60
Q

What is the SLAPS or LAPS test?

A

The third and last on Miller’s test.

Whether a reasonable person would find that the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.

61
Q

According to Libertarianism, every person has the right to be helped by others.

A

False

62
Q

According to Libertarianism, every person has the right to be assisted in making one’s free choice.

A

False

63
Q

According to Hobbes, the state of nature is a state in which there is no central government.

A

True

64
Q

According to Locke, the state of nature is a state in which there is no central government.

A

True

65
Q

According to the principle defended in On Liberty, we are never allowed to interfere in a person’s liberty.

A

False

66
Q

According to the principle defended in On Liberty, we are permitted to interfere with a person’s liberty if they harm themselves.

A

False

67
Q

According to the principle defended in On Liberty, we are never allowed to interfere with an individual’s liberty unless they offend the majority.

A

False

68
Q

Socrates believes the social contract theory.

A

True

69
Q

Hobbes believes the social contract theory.

A

True

70
Q

According to Thomson, something has a right to use your property if it needs your property to survive.

A

False

71
Q

In prisoner’s dilemma/grading game situations, we all do better by independently pursuing our own best interests.

A

False

72
Q

According to Singer, the statement, “All humans are equal” is prescriptive or descriptive?

A

prescriptive

73
Q

When Locke says the state of nature is a state of perfect equality, his notion of equality is descriptive or normative?

A

normative

74
Q

According to Hobbes, the state of nature has a law of nature to govern it.

A

False

75
Q

According to Locke, the state of nature has a law of nature to govern it

A

True

76
Q

How are we to choose which rules are best, according to rule utilitarianism?

A

Rules should be selected by experience.

77
Q

The object of On Liberty is to assert one very simple principle, according to Mill. What is that principle?

A

The Harm Principle

78
Q

Ethical Relativism is normative.

A

True

79
Q

What does Mill mean by “utility” in On Liberty?

A

Utility in its largest sense, grounded on the permanent interest of humankind as a progressive being.

80
Q

Kant’s view is deontological. That means that it is rooted in rational duty rather than consequences.

A

True

81
Q

According to Rachels, the AMA policy allows decisions to be made on irrelevant grounds.

A

True

82
Q

According to Socrates, the examined life is not worth living either.

A

False

83
Q

“Alexander is selfish” is normative.

A

True

84
Q

According to Socrates, the consequences of our actions are what make an act right or wrong. The good acts are those that have good consequences and the bad acts are the ones that have bad consequences.

A

False

85
Q

A person who lives by ethical egoism might have self-interested reasons for being kind, honest, and trustworthy. That’s what it is said that ethical egoism is often in accord with common sense morality.

A

True

86
Q

The Divine Command Theory is normative.

A

True

87
Q

According to Lent, experience teaches us that there is always a self interested motive for every action.

A

False

88
Q

If everyone acted rationally and self-interestedly, we would all be better off. If that statement is true, it gives us a reason to think ethical egoism is true.

A

False

89
Q

Warren defends the extreme pro-choice view, meaning that according to Warren, abortion is permissible and any time during pregnancy and for any reason the mother chooses.

A

True

90
Q

According to Aristotle, we become just by finding the correct moral rule.

A

False

91
Q

Utilitarianism is a prescriptive view.

A

True

92
Q

According to Rachels, there is no morally relevant difference between active and passive euthanasia.

A

True

93
Q

If a human being lacks the higher capacities, its life has less value than a human being with those capacities, according to Peter Singer.

A

True

94
Q

Because utilitarianism is a theory that makes claims about right and wrong,

A

It is a normative theory.

95
Q

According to Marquis’s strong pro-life position, the fetus is a person from the moment of conception.

A

False

96
Q

According to rule utilitarianism, moral rules are intrinsically valuable.

A

False

97
Q

According to Roe v Wade, the state has no right to forbid abortions in the first trimester.

A

False

98
Q

Warren defends the extreme pro-choice view, meaning that according to Warren, abortion is permissible and any time during pregnancy and for any reason the mother chooses.

A

True

99
Q

Which of the following is true regarding Mill’s view on the liberty of action?

A

We are free to do anything we choose as long as it does not harm others.

100
Q

A person who lives by ethical egoism might have self-interested reasons for being kind, honest, and trustworthy. That’s what it is said that ethical egoism is often in accord with common sense morality.

A

True

101
Q

What does Locke mean by property?

A

Our legitimately held possessions.

Each person has a property in herself or himself.

102
Q

If a state of nature is a state of perfect liberty and equality, according to Locke, why would we be willing leave the state of nature and give up some of our liberties and enter civil society where some have rights that others don’t have?

A

For the preservation of our property

103
Q

Psychological egoism is prescriptive or descriptive?

A

descriptive

104
Q

On the MacKinnon/Dworkin Ordinance, pornography is not merely a speech issue but an issue about actions.

A

True

105
Q

When Nietzsche talks about the real world becoming a fable, what does he mean by “the real world?”

A

The real world according to Plato

The real world according Christianity, as Nietzsche understands it

The real world according to Kant

106
Q

According to the MacKinnon/Dworkin Ordinance, even material that is not sexually explicit, such as cosmetics ads that entice women to conform to the ideal male fantasy, are pornographic.

A

False

107
Q

According to Aristotle, we become just by finding the correct moral rule.

A

False

108
Q

What does “prurient interest” refer to?

A

Interest only in sex

109
Q

According to Plato, the real world is attainable now to the wise, pious, or virtuous person.

A

True

110
Q

According to Nietzsche, if we reject the real world and the apparent world, then life has no meaning.

A

False

111
Q

According to the Miller Test, even obscene material is protected under the first amendment.

True

False

A
112
Q

Beauty itself, like justice itself, is an immaterial object and therefore can be perceived only by reason, not by the senses.

A

True

113
Q

According to Nietzsche, the real world, as explained by Kant, is unknowable and therefore unattainable.

A

True

114
Q

Nietzsche says that we should reject the real world and embrace the apparent world, the world of appearances.

A

False

115
Q

According to the Miller Test, if the average person applying contemporary community standards finds that a work as a whole appeal only to the prurient interest for that reason alone, it is obscene and may be prohibited.

A

False

116
Q

According to Nietzsche, if we give up the real world and the apparent world, then there is nothing outside of us that obligates us morally. That means that we would have no moral obligations as traditionally understood.

A

True

117
Q

If there is no objective moral value in the world, then life has no meaning, according to Nietzsche.

A

False

118
Q

According to the MacKinnon/Dworkin Ordinance, sexually explicit material that features only men may still be degrading to women.

A

True

119
Q

According to the Christian views Nietzsche opposes, the real world is unattainable for now, but is promised to the sinner who repents

A

True

120
Q

According to the Miller Test, if something offensive to the average person applying contemporary community standards, for that reason alone, it is obscene and may be prohibited.

A

False

121
Q

Why does it matter if an offensive work has literary, artistic, political, or scientific value?

A

If it has such value, then it is capable of being true, false, or a mix of truth and falsity.

If it has such value, we are better off allowing it rather than suppressing it if we hope to advance in truth.

Into to Ethics (4 decks)

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