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head & neck > Everything you need to know for Final > Flashcards

Everything you need to know for Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of CN I?

A

olfactory/smell

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2
Q

What is the function of CN II?

A

optic/sight

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3
Q

What does CN III innervate?

Test q

A

CN III is the oculomotor n. so it innervates eye muscles including levator palpabrae superioris

only exceptions are LR6SO4

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4
Q

What muscle does CN IV (trochlear n.) innervate?

A

superior oblique m.

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5
Q

What are the functions of CN V (trigeminal n.)?

test q

A

-sensory to face
-general senses of anterior 2/3 of tongue
-muscles of mastication
-anterior belly of digastric m. and mylohyoid m.
-tensor veli palatini

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6
Q

What muscle does CN VI (abducens n) innervate?

A

lateral rectus m.

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7
Q

What does CN VII (facial n.) innervate?

test q

A

-muscles of facial expression
-posterior belly of digastric m. and stylohyoid m.
-taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue

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8
Q

What are the functions of CN VIII?

A

CN VIII is the vestibulocochlear n. so

vestibular part is in charge of equilibrium

cochlear part is in charge of hearing

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9
Q

What are the functions and innervations of CN IX (glossopharyngeal n.)?

test q

A

-general senses and taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue
-carotid baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
-stylopharyngeal m.

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10
Q

What are the functions and innervations of CN X (vagus n.)?

test q

A

-aorta
-all palatine muscles except the tensor veli palatini
-palatoglossus m. (only tongue muscle innervated by CN X)
-all pharyngeal muscles except stylopharyngeal m.
-all laryngeal muscles (note: the cricothyroid m. is innervated by the superior laryngeal branch of vagus n. while all other laryngeal muscles are innervated by recurrent laryngeal n. branch)

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11
Q

What does CN XI (spinal accessory n.) innervate?

A

SCM and traps

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12
Q

What does CN XII (hypoglossal n.) innervate?

A

all tongue muscles except for tensor veli palatini

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13
Q

Which CNs have parasympathetic innervation?

test q

A

CN III, VII, IX, and X

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14
Q

What does the parasympathetic efferent of CN III (oculomotor n.) innervate?

test q

A

ciliary ganglion (near vision accommodation) for pupil constriction and to increase lens convexity

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15
Q

What is the greater petrosal n. parasympathetic pathway for CN VII (facial n.)?

test q

A

pterygopalatine ganglion (lacrimal gland, nasal, and oral secretions)

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16
Q

What is the chorda tympani n. parasympathetic pathway for CN VII (facial n.)?

test q

A

submandibular ganglion (sublingual and submandibular salivary gland secretions)

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17
Q

What does the parasympathetic efferent of CN IX (glossopharyngeal n.) innervate?

test q

A

otic ganglion (parotid salivary gland)

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18
Q

What does the parasympathetic efferent of CN X (vagus n.) innervate?

test q

A

plexi of the visceral neck, thorax, and abdomen

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19
Q

Where is the aperture for CN I?

A

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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20
Q

Where is the aperture for CN II (optic n.)?

A

optic canal of the sphenoid bone

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21
Q

Where is the aperture for CN III (oculomotor n.), CN IV (trochlear n.), and CN VI (abducens n.)?

test q

A

superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone

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22
Q

Where are the apertures for CN V (trigeminal n.)?

test q

A

V1- superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone

V2- foramen rutundum of the sphenoid bone

V3- foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone

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23
Q

Where are the apertures for CN VII (facial n.)?

test q

A

internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen of the temporal bone

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24
Q

Where is the aperture for CN VIII (vestibulocochlear n.)?

test q

A

internal acoustic meatus of the temporal bone

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25
Q

Where is the aperture for CN IX (glossopharyngeal n.), CN X (vagus n.), and CN XI (spinal accessory n.)?

test q

A

jugular foramen of the temporal and occipital bones

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26
Q

Where is the aperture for CN XII (hypoglossal n.)?

A

hypoglossal canal of the occipital bone

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27
Q

All cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem. What are the exceptions?

A

CN I and II emerge from the prosencephalon (forebrain)

the spinal portion of CN XI emerges from the spinal cord at levels C1-C5

CN IV emerges from the dorsal midbrain (tectum) and lies in border between midbrain and pons

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28
Q

The skin of external ear and external acoustic meatus are innervated by CN…

A

V, VII, IX, and X

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29
Q

The inner surface of tympanic membrane (eardrum) is innervated by CN ____, and the outer surface by CN ___ w/ small contribution from CN V

A

IX, X

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30
Q

What 3 structures make up the brainstem?

A

1) midbrain
2) pons
3) medulla oblongata

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31
Q

All cranial nerves emerge from the ventral brainstem except:
-CN I and II emerge from the ___________________
-CN IV emerges from the tectum (dorsal part) of __________
-the spinal part of CN ______ emerges from C1-C5 spinal cord segments

A

prosencephalon, midbrain, XI

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32
Q

CN I consists of nerve fibers in the….

A

cribriform plate of the ethmoid b.

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33
Q

CN IV represents the border between the….

A

midbrain and pons

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34
Q

CN V emerges from the pons and has 3 divisions. What are they?

A

1) ophthalmic (V1)
2) maxillary (V2)
3) mandibular (V3)

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35
Q

The basilar sulcus of the _______ houses the basilar a. on the basilar plexus of veins on the basilar process of the occiput

A

pons

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36
Q

What are the cranial nerves from medial to lateral at the pontomedullary junction?

A

CN VI, VII, and VIII

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37
Q

What are the cranial nerves found posterolaterally to the olive on the medulla?

A

CN IX, X, and XI

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38
Q

What cranial nerves exit through the jugular foramen with the IJV?

A

CN IX, X, and XI

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39
Q

What cranial nerve is found anteromedially to the olive on the medulla?

A

CN XII

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40
Q

What are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves?

A

1) olfactory (smell) n.
2) optic n.
3) oculomotor n.
4) trochlear n.
5) trigeminal n.
6) abducens n.
7) facial n.
8) vestibulocochlear n.
9) glossopharyngeal n.
10) vagus n.
11) spinal accessory n.
12) hypoglossal n.

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41
Q

The internal carotid a. terminates into 3 branches. What are they?

A

1) anterior cerebral a.
2) middle cerebral a.
3) posterior communicating a.

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42
Q

The basilar a. is formed by the union of the…

A

R/L vertebral arteries

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43
Q

The pons of the brainstem lies over the _________ a.

A

basilar

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44
Q

Which artery usually branches from the anterior inferior cerebellar a. but sometimes from basilar a.?

A

labyrinthine a.

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45
Q

What are the terminal branches of the basilar a.?

A

posterior cerebral arteries

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46
Q

The vertebral arteries originate from the ____________ and ascend through the transverse foramen of ________ and then enter the foramen magnum

A

subclavian arteries, C6-C1

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47
Q

Which artery usually branches from the vertebral a. but sometimes from the posterior inferior cerebellar a.?

A

posterior spinal a.

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48
Q

The dural venous sinuses drain blood from the brain into the….

A

IJV (note: they do not have a tunic media)

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49
Q

the _________________ of dural venous sinuses is an expended area that receive blood from the superior sagittal, straight, 2 transverse, and occipital sinuses

test q

A

confluence

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50
Q

The great cerebral v. + inferior sagittal v. = ?

test q

A

straight sinus

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51
Q

The superior perosteal sinus + transverse sinus = ?

test q

A

sigmoid sinus

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52
Q

The sigmoid sinus + inferior perosteal sinus
= ?

test q

A

IJV

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53
Q

The ________ receives blood from the dural venous sinus network and is the main venous drainage of the brain

A

IJV

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54
Q

The ______ exits the skull through the jugular foramen along with CN IX, X, and XI

A

IJV

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55
Q

Who are the 3 friends of the neck?

A

common carotid a., CN X, and IJV

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56
Q

Who are the 3 intracranial friends?

A

CN VII, CN VIII and labyrinthine a.

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57
Q

Who are the 3 extracranial friends?

A

auriculotemporal n. (branch of V3), superficial temporal a. and v.

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58
Q

What are the 2 V1 frontal nerve branches that innervate the anterior scalp?

A

supratrochlear n and supraorbital n

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59
Q

What nerves innervate the posterior scalp?

A
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60
Q

Which muscle raises the eyebrows (surprise or curiosity)?

A

occipitofrontalis m.

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61
Q

Which muscle draws the eyebrows medially (concern or worry)?

A

corrugator supercilli m.

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62
Q

Which muscle depresses the medial eyebrows (dislike)?

A

procerus m.

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63
Q

Which muscle compresses/protrudes the lips for kissing?

A

orbicularis oris m

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64
Q

Which muscle raises the upper lip?

A

zygomaticus minor m.

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65
Q

Which muscle raises the corner of the mouth (uni= snear, bilateral= smile)?

A

zygomaticus major m.

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66
Q

Which muscle raises the corner of the mouth to smile?

A

levator anguli oris m.

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67
Q

Which muscle dilates the mouth?

A

risorius m.

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68
Q

Which muscle depresses the corner of mouth (sad)?

A

depressor anguli oris m.

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69
Q

Which muscle raises the upper lip and depresses the ala (flares nostrils)?

A

levator labii superioris alaeque nasi m.

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70
Q

Which muscle raises the upper lip?

A

levator labii superioris m.

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71
Q

Which muscle depresses the lower lip?

A

depressor labii inferioris m.

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72
Q

Which muscle protrudes the lower lip to pout?

A

mentalis m.

73
Q

Which muscle presses the cheeks against the molars?

A

buccinator m.

74
Q

Which muscle closes eyelids and allows you to squint?

A

orbicularis oculi m.

75
Q

Which muscle flattens the nose and flares the nostrils?

A

nasalis m.

76
Q

Which muscle can move the ears in superior, anterior, or posterior direction?

A

auricularis m.

77
Q

There are 3 pairs of salivary glands that secrete saliva. What are the 3 glands?

A

1) sublingual
2) submandibular
3) parotid gland

78
Q

Where is the sublingual gland?

A

under tongue

79
Q

Which CN innervates the sublingual gland?

A

CN VII

80
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the sublingual gland?

A

greater petrosal n. to the submandibular ganglion

81
Q

Where is the submandibular gland?

A

under the mandible

82
Q

Which CN innervates the submandibular gland?

A

CN VII

83
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the submandibular gland?

A

chorda tympani n. to submandibular ganglion

84
Q

Where is the parotid gland?

A

near TMJ

85
Q

Which CN innervates the parotid gland?

A

CN IX

86
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland?

A

tympani n. to otic ganglion

87
Q

What structures are embedded in the parotid gland?

A

1) CN VII (facial n pierces BUT DOES NOT INNERVATE)
2) external carotid a.
3) retromandibular v. (posterior division > EJV) (anterior division > facial v.)

88
Q

T/F: CN VII facial n. pierces parotid gland but does not innervate it

A

true

89
Q

The infratemporal crest of sphenoid bone and zygomatic arch of temporal bone represent border between…

A

temporal and infratemporal fossa regions

90
Q

What does pterygoid mean?

A

wing or wing like

91
Q

What is the general origin of the lateral pterygoid muscle?

A

greater wing of sphenoid bone + lateral pterygoid plate

92
Q

What is the general insertion of the lateral pterygoid muscle?

A

TMJ and condyloid process of mandible

93
Q

What is the general origin of the medial pterygoid m?

A

lateral pterygoid plate, maxillary tuberosity, and palatine bone pyramidal process

94
Q

What is the general insertion of the medial pterygoid m?

A

ramus and angle of mandible

95
Q

The external carotid a. branches into…

A

superficial temporal and maxillary arteries

96
Q

The TMJ is a modified (has fibrocartilage disc) _____________ joint. The articular disc of the temporal-mandibular divides the joint capsule into 2 cavities, each with its own synovial membrane

A

synovial hinge

97
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication?

A

1) temporalis
2) masseter
3) lateral pterygoid
4) medial pterygoid

98
Q

What innervates the 4 muscles of mastication?

A

CN V3

99
Q

What is the anterior part of the fibrous/outer layer of eye called?

A

cornea

100
Q

What is the posterior part of the fibrous/outer layer of eye called?

A

sclera

101
Q

What makes up the anterior part of the vascular/middle layer of eye?

A

-iris
-pupil
-ciliary body (ciliary processes, muscle, and zonule with zonular fibers of Zinn which is a suspensory ligament)
-lens

102
Q

What is the posterior part of the vascular/middle layer of eye called?

A

choroid

103
Q

What is the anterior part of the retinal/inner layer of eye?

A

ciliary (non-visual) retina

104
Q

What is the posterior part of the retinal/inner layer of eye?

A

optic (visual) retina with a pigmented and neural layer

105
Q

What is found within the neural layer of the optic visual retina?

A

-photoreceptors (rods and cones)
-bipolar cells
-ganglion cells (axons exit blind spot (optic disc) and form CN II optic n.)

106
Q

What is found within the cornea?

A

just nerve fibers, theres no blood vessels here

107
Q

What is the “white of the eye” called?

A

sclera

108
Q

What is the colored part of the eye and regulates the amount of light that enters the eye called?

A

iris

109
Q

What is the hole in the iris called?

A

pupil

110
Q

The ciliary epithelium is found within the ciliary body and has cillary processes. These processes fold into capillaries and secrete….

A

aqueous humor

111
Q

Which part of the ciliary body encircles the lens and controls lens convexity?

A

ciliary m.

112
Q

Which part of the ciliary body has zonular fibers of Zinn which are suspensory ligaments and hold the lens?

A

ciliary zonule

113
Q

Are there any nerves or blood vessels in the lens of eye?

A

NO

114
Q

Which part of the eye is highly vascular?

A

choroid

115
Q

What light can be seen with rods?

A

dim light

116
Q

What light can be seen with cones?

A

colored light

117
Q

The blind spot of the eye is known as the optic disc or papilla and this is where axon fibers of ganglion cells will exit eye and form….

A

CN II

118
Q

What is the area of the neural layer of optic retina posterior to lens and has high cone density called?

A

macula lutea

119
Q

What is the depression in the macula lutea with the area of highest visual acuity called?

A

fovea centralis

120
Q

What are the extraocular muscles?

A
121
Q

All of the extraocular muscles originate in the….

A

orbit

122
Q

All of the extraocular muscles insert on the….

A

sclera (outer layer) of eyeball

123
Q

What are the extraocular muscle rules?

A
124
Q

The tendon of the superior oblique muscle of the eye goes through a connective tissue sling called the….

A

trochlea

125
Q

Any nerve, artery, or vein gong through the tendon of the superior oblique (just lateral to where it passes through the trochlea) is called supratrochlear. If it goes below it is infratrochlear. These structures exit at the….

A

medial orbit

note: if a nerve, artery, or vein passes through the supraorbital foramen of the frontal bone it is called supraorbital. These supraorbital structures are lateral to the trochlear ones

126
Q

What are the nerves of the eye?

A

CN II (optic n.), CN III (oculomotor n.), CN IV (trochlear n.), CN V1 (ophthalmic division of trigeminal n.), and CN VI (abducens n.)

127
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the V1 ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n.?

A

NFL
-N= nasociliary
-F= frontal
-L= lacrimal

128
Q

What is the terminal branch of the nasocilary n. (branch of V1)?

A

intratrochlear n.

129
Q

What 2 nerves branch from the frontal n. of the V1 ophthalmic division and have sensory innervation to the forehead and scalp?

A

supratrochlear and supraorbital n.

130
Q

Which nerve has sensory innervation to lacrimal gland?

A

lacrimal nerve of the V1 division

131
Q

Which artery is a branch off of the internal carotid artery and passes through the optic canal to supply the eye?

A

ophthalmic artery

132
Q

Which artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery and pierces meninges covering CN II and enters the blind spot to supply the retina?

A

central retinal artery

133
Q

What are the terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery?

A

supratrochlear and supraorbital a.

note: these arterial branches course with their nerve counterparts to service the forehead and scalp

134
Q

What are the veins of the eye?

A

inferior ophthalmic v. > superior ophthalmic v. > cavernous sinus (dural venous sinus near pituitary gland)

135
Q

What are the 3 regions of the ear?

A

1) external ear
2) middle ear (tympanic cavity)
3) inner ear (labyrinth)

136
Q

What are the parts of the external ear?

A

1) auricle
1A) helix
1B) scaphoid fossa
1C) tragus
1D) lobule
2) external acoustic meatus

137
Q

What are the parts of the middle ear (tympanic cavity)?

A

1) auditory ossicles
1A) malleus (mallet, hammer)
1B) incus (anvil)
1C) stapes (stirrup)
2) stapedius m.
3) tensor tympani m.
4) eustachian/auditory/pharyngo-tympanic tube

138
Q

What is the smallest muscle in the body?

A

stapedius

139
Q

What is the insertion for the stapedius m.?

A

stapes

140
Q

What CN innervates the stapedius m?

A

CN VII

141
Q

Which CN innervates the tensor tympani m?

A

CN V3

142
Q

What is the insertion for the tensor tympani m?

A

malleus

143
Q

The auditory tube drains the middle ear into the…

A

nasopharynx

144
Q

The bony labyrinth of the vestibulocochlear organ of the ear contains what?

A

perilymph and membranous labyrinth

145
Q

Membranous labyrinth is located within bony labyrinth and contains…

A

endolymph

146
Q

The vestibular chambers and maculae are sensory areas that detect horizontal and vertical displacement. Which one detects horizontal and which one detects vertical?

A

utricle detects horizontal displacement

saccule detects vertical displacement

147
Q

The semicircular ducts and ampulla are sensory areas that detect what?

A

the anterior portion detects flexion and extension

the posterior portion detects lateral flexion

the lateral portion detects rotation

148
Q

Which artery is the sole blood supplier to the inner ear?

A

labyrinthine a.

149
Q

Which artery is usually a branch of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (from the basilar artery), or a direct branch from the basilar artery itself?

A

labyrinthine a.

150
Q

The skin of the external ear and external acoustic meatus are innervated by CN …..

A

V, VII, IX, and X

151
Q

The inner surface of tympanic membrane (eardrum) is innervated by CN ….

A

IX

152
Q

The outer surface of the eardrum is innervated by ….

A

CN X with small contribution from CN V

153
Q

What are the 3 bony parts of the external nose?

A

1) frontal bone
2) nasal bones
3) maxilla

154
Q

What are the cartilages of the nose?

A

-2 lateral cartilages
-2 alar cartilages
-1 septal cartilage

155
Q

What is the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

ethmoid and sphenoid bones

156
Q

What is the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

A

nasal septum, septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, and vomer

157
Q

What is a part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

conchae (superior and middle are a part of ethmoid bone and then theres also inferior conchae)

superior, middle and inferior meatus

158
Q

Where does the lacrimal duct empty tears into?

A

inferior meatus of nasal cavity

159
Q

What is the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

the hard palate, which is made of maxilla bones and palatine bones

160
Q

Paranasal sinuses are a group of air filled spaces of bones that surround the nasal cavity. What are 4 sinuses?

A

1) frontal sinus
2) ethmoid sinus
3) sphenoid sinus
4) maxillary sinus

161
Q

What are the 3 regions of a tooth?

A

crown, neck, and root

162
Q

What are the 3 layers of a tooth?

A

1) enamel (crystalline calcium phosphate)
2) dentin (calcified tissue and connective tissue consists of tiny tubules)
3) pulp (blood vessels, connective tissue, and nerves)

163
Q

What are the 2 types of teeth?

A

1) primary teeth (also known as baby, milk, or deciduous teeth), children have 20 and most fall out/are replaced by age 12
2) secondary (also known as adult or permanent teeth), adults have 32

164
Q

When are molar wisdom teeth usually present?

A

13-25 y/o

165
Q

What nerve innervates the maxillary teeth?

A

CN V2 superior alveolar branch

166
Q

Which nerve innervates the mandibular teeth?

A

CN V3 inferior alveolar branch

167
Q

The hard palate is the anterior 2/3 and is made of….

A

maxilla and palatine bones

168
Q

The soft palate is the posterior 1/3 and consists of…

A

uvula (musculus uvulae, uvular m.) and palatine aponeurosis (tensor veli palatini)

169
Q

What are the sulci of the tongue?

A

midline groove/sulcus and terminal sulcus at the foramen cecum

170
Q

What are the 4 lingual papillae?

A

1) filiform (thread)
2) fungiform (mushroom)
3) foliate (leaf)
4) vallate (circumvallate)

171
Q

Which lingual papilla is the most numerous?

A

filiform

172
Q

Which lingual papilla is used for scraping?

A

filiform

173
Q

Which lingual papilla has no taste buds?

A

filiform

174
Q

Which lingual papilla is on the surface of the tongue?

A

fungiform

175
Q

Which lingual papilla is on the sides of tongue?

A

foliate

176
Q

Which lingual papilla is located anterior to the terminal sulcus?

A

vallate

177
Q

The ____________________ is a small pyramidal space inferior to the apex of the orbit and medial to the infratemporal fossa between the pterygoid process of sphenoid and maxilla

A

pterygopalatine fossa

178
Q

What are the contents of the pterygopalatine fossa?

A

head & neck (6 decks)

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