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Geology 112 final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

0
Q

Are soft parts easily persevered as fossils within sediment?

A

No

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1
Q

What is fossilization?

A

Is a rare occurrence

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2
Q

List at least four pieces of evidence to support the idea that continents have moved over the earths surface.

A

Puzzle-piece fit of continents, matching rock assemblages, matching fossils, glacial striatuons

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3
Q

What is the name of the first bird found?

A

Archaeopteryx

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4
Q

The K/T boundary is noted for the extinction of what organism?

A

Dinosaurs, large marine reptiles such as mosasaurs and plesiosaurs

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5
Q

What is the approximate age of the earth?

A

4.6 billion years; based on meteorite ages

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6
Q

Cretaceous plants had a “new” feature, what was it?

A

Enclosed seeds. They were successful in part due to double fertilization and the presence of insects for pollination

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7
Q

The crater that could possibly represent the meteor strike of the K/T boundary is located in

A

The yucatan peninsula

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8
Q

John jolly attempted to determine the age of the earth using…

A

The salinity of the sea

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9
Q

What is approximate age of the universe?

A

13-15 billion years

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10
Q

When did the Cretaceous tertiary event occur?

A

65 million years ago

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11
Q

The largest extinction event in geologic history is

A

The Permian- Triassic boundary 250 million years ago

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12
Q

What is catastrophism?

A

The idea that the earth has been shaped through catastrophic events over a short period of time (6000 years) and that the physical processes on earth were faster in he past

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13
Q

What is a trace fossil?

A

Anything that indicates an organism was present, without any remains of the actual organism. Example coprolite, burrows, footprints

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14
Q

What is some of the evidence for dinosaurs being warm blooded?

A

Haversian canals in the bones their large size- cold blooded animals do not attain large sizes, their presence at high latitude

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15
Q

Why did CO2 levels begin do drop toward the end of the Devonian?

A

Plants made it onto land and started utilizing atmospheric CO2.

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16
Q
  1. What is the significance of the first bird found in the fossil record?
A

Provided a link between dinosaurs and birds

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17
Q
  1. Which dating technique is used to date samples younger then 50,000 years?
A

C- 14

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18
Q
  1. What is (are) the mechanism(s) for evolution?
A

Natural selection

19
Q
  1. What conditions favor the preservation of soft parts as fossils within sediments (from your textbook)?
A

Rapid burial, isolation from oxygen

20
Q
  1. What is an index fossil?
A

A fossil that is readily identified and has a short life span so that one can determine the approximate age of the sediment the fossil is in

21
Q
  1. What was the advantage of the evolution of hard parts in invertebrates during the Cambrian?
A

Protection from UV rays, protection from predators, sites for muscle attachment

22
Q
  1. What adaptations did plants make in order to survive on land?
A

Vascular system - Xylem and phloem to aid in obtaining water and nutrients.

23
Q
  1. What is an isotope of an element?
A

Same number of protons, different number of neutrons, i.e. O18, O16

24
Q
  1. What are the three plate boundaries?
A

Convergent, divergent, transform

25
Q
  1. Why are unstable isotopes useful for dating rocks?
A

They decay at a regular rate

26
Q
  1. How was the moon formed? **
A

a planetary object approximately the size of mars collided with earth early in its formation and “splashed” some material into space which then coalesced to form our moon

27
Q
  1. How did the universe form?
A

Began with an infinitesimally small point known as a singularity and expanded

28
Q
  1. What are some of the animals Darwin used in his theory of evolution?
A

Discuss how it was helpful with Darwin’s theory. ** Finches, tortoises

29
Q
  1. What are vestigial organs?
A

Organs that are “left over”, stuff we do not use any more, i.e. ear muscles, appendix, legs on a skink

30
Q
  1. What is bipedalism?
A

Walking on two feet

31
Q
  1. In the Mesozoic, dinosaurs diversified into which two main groups?
A

Two groups of dinosaurs  saurischian (lizard-hip); ornithschian (bird-hip, herbivores)

32
Q
  1. Walter Alvarez
A

studied K/T boundary in Italy; used iridium spike; hypothesized meteor impact would have needed to be 10km diameter could cause decrease sunlight, reduce photosynthesis, plants die, herbivores die, carnivores die, etc. evidence of impact  shocked quartz; tektites; tsunami deposits; crater: Chixulub crater, Yucatan Peninsula

33
Q
  1. What were some of the errors noted in the Jurassic Park movie we watched in class?
A

Female dinosuars

34
Q
  1. What was the advantage of the evolution of hard parts in invertebrates during the Cambrian?
A

Protection from UV rays, protection from predators, sites for muscle attachment

35
Q
  1. What is the significance of banded iron formations (BIFs)?
A

They indicate that at the time of their formation, oxygen levels were extremely high. BIFs are no longer being formed because the oxygen levels are not high enough.

36
Q
  1. These questions are from your homework assignment, so you should know the answers to them:
A

a. What is the complete classification of modern man? Kingdom: Animalia; Phylum: Chordata; Class: Mammalia; Order: Primates; Family: Homminidae; Genus: Homo; Species: Homo Sapiens
b. What is the oldest known hominid and how old is it? Sahelanthropus tchadensis, 7 million years old
c. How long ago did humans become bipedal? What is the proof for this? 7 million years ago; the orientation of the pelvis and the length of the ischium.
d. What is the earliest member of the genus Homo? How large was this species? Homo habilis, 2.5 – 1.6 million years ago; about 1.3m (4ft) tall and weighed about 35kg (77lbs)
e. Which species is believed to have made tools and used fire? Homo erectus
f. What is the difference between the “out of Africa” view and the “multiregional” view as far as the origin or transition to modern man? (you should have this in your homework)
g. How did the Neanderthals compare to Homo sapiens with respect to their skulls and brains? (you should have this in your homework)
h. What were some of the cultural developments of Neanderthals and Cro –Magnons? (you should have this in your homework)

37
Q
  1. By the end of the Paleocene, horses had evolved. How big were they and how did their feet differ from today’s horse?
A

? They were the size of a medium-sized dog and they had three toes instead of one, like today’s horse.

38
Q
  1. How big were Eocene elephants?
A

The size of pigs

39
Q
  1. The isolation of which continent led to global cooling and a subsequent ice age?
A

Antarctica

40
Q
  1. How do C3 grasses differ from C4 grasses?
A

C4 has more Carbon-13 and much more silica… the increased silica wears down teeth much faster.

41
Q
  1. How did the last glaciation promote human expansion into the Americas?
A

? Sea level dropped because much of the water was frozen. This led to the exposure of a land bridge between Russia and Alaska, allowing the migration of humans into North America.

42
Q
  1. The recent mass extinction, 10,000 – 12,000 years ago, affected many mammal species, including mammoths, saber-toothed cats, large beavers, etc. What are the two hypotheses that attempt to explain this extinction?
A

Overkill – humans were expanding and becoming hunters and over-hunted the animals. Climate change – the Younger Dryas (12-13,000 years ago) had a major effect on biomes thereby affecting food supply.

43
Q
  1. Where was the first agricultural development site discovered?
A

Zagros Mountains

44
Q
  1. When did the “Little Ice Age” occur?
A

Approximately between 1400-1850AD

45
Q
  1. When did atmospheric CO2 levels start to drastically increase?
A

After the industrial revolution

Geology 112 final (1 decks)

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