Final

Question 1

wettest animal

Answer 1

lions mane jellyfish

Question 2

least wettest animal

Answer 2

waterbear - hydrobiosis state 80-2 % water

Question 3

what is the water budget concept?

Answer 3

you can not have negative the amount of water that you need

Question 4

potential ways to lose water:

Answer 4

1. urine
2. feces
3. integument loss
4. evaporative loss (sweating)
5. insensible loss (breathing)

Question 5

Potential ways to gain water:

Answer 5

1. drink water
2. eating
3. preformed water ( storage of proteins lipid or carbs)

Question 6

ways to control water:

Answer 6

1. preventing water loss
2. storage of water
3. move water directly

Question 7

Evaporative water loss

Answer 7

a way to test the biophysics of water balance ( expressed in seconds/cm)

Question 8

now we use the ___________ system to measure EWL. This allows us to determine the _____________ using wind tunnels and comparisons to agar models.

Answer 8

gravimetric, boundary layers

Question 9

typical frogs have no resistance to water loss and have a resistance value of about __.

Answer 9

1

Question 10

coccon frogs have a resistance value of about ___.

Answer 10

550, very high resistance

Question 11

waterproof frogs have a resistance value of about ___.

Answer 11

200

Question 12

critical thermal methodology

Answer 12

determines the upper and lower tolerance limits with a non-lethal end point. LOE

Question 13

CTmax

Answer 13

upper temperature tolerance

Question 14

CTmin

Answer 14

lower temperature tolerance

Question 15

LOE

Answer 15

loss of equilibrium- defines the non-lethal end point of CTM and is when the fish becomes unable to maintain upright position in the water column therefore would be unable to escape predators in the wild.(ecological stand pt.)

Question 16

thermal polygon

Answer 16

a way to define a fishes tolerable temperature range

Question 17

osmoconformers

Answer 17

have the same osmotic pressure on the inside and outside- they match the osmolarity of their environment, actively or passively

Question 18

osmoregulators

Answer 18

have tightly controlled osmotic tensions and pressures which stay constant. They actively control salt concentrations despite the environments salinity.

Question 19

advantages and disadvantages of an osmo-conformer?

Answer 19

A: no energy spent in maintaining water or salt balance
D: have to make sure salinity does not drop to low; thus limited to marine environments.

Question 20

euryhaline

Answer 20

able to tolerate a wide range of salinities

Question 21

stenohaline

Answer 21

tolerate a narrow range of salinities

Question 22

conformers with limited ionic regulations

Answer 22

A: no water balance problems and is metabolically low in cost- only controlling a few ions.
Jelly-reduce sulfate, hermit crab- regulate magnesium

Question 23

conformers with active ionic regulations

Answer 23

A: increased habitat exploitation and cn enter freshwater environments/ decrease predator exposure.
D:high metabolic cost
oysters and blue crab

Question 24

oxygen content is depend upon what factors?

Answer 24

the oxygen concentration when it was last in content with air, time elapsed from that point, and rate of biological consumption

Question 25

other factors:

Answer 25

temperature, air/sea gas exchange, ocean circulation, and biology

Question 26

Anoxic water

Answer 26

water that is depleted of dissolved oxygen

Question 27

hypoxia

Answer 27

deficient oxygen reaching the aerobic tissues

Question 28

regulators

Answer 28

maintain constant tissue level oxygen concentration by increasing heart heart and ventilatory rates in low oxygen environments.

Question 29

conformers

Answer 29

allow internal oxygen levels to drop along with increasing oxygen concentrations in the environment

Question 30

if oxygen is less than ideal fish will:

Answer 30

1. migrate
2. alter blood caring capacity- increase hemoglobin affinity for oxygen
3. ASR-aquatic surface respiration- when fish migrate to the surface of the water in search for more oxygen.

Question 31

physical changes of ASR:

Answer 31

increased blood flow rate
increase gill SA
increase oxygen extraction rate

Question 32

motor unit

Answer 32

a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates

Question 33

motor unit recruitment

Answer 33

the sequential activation of motor units to perform a designated task. more motor units = greater force

Question 34

summation

Answer 34

increase in the force of contraction

Question 35

graded response concept

Answer 35

muscle stimulation and force is variable

Question 36

fatigue

Answer 36

decrease in the ability to generate force

Question 37

incomplete tetanus

Answer 37

series of contractions because of rapid, repeated stimuli being sent to a muscle

Question 38

complete tetanus

Answer 38

smooth contraction of a muscle when the frequency of the stimuli increases and contractions fuse

Question 39

T/F? epimysium, perimysium then endo

Answer 39

t

Question 40

bioenergetics

Answer 40

the study of how animals spend their metabolic money

Question 41

bomb calorimetry is a way to measure metabolism. T/F?

Answer 41

T

Question 42

what can bomb calorimetry be used for?

Answer 42

pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry, metabolic rate studies, assessment of fisheries

Question 43

Hess’s Law

Answer 43

heat released in the breakdown of a fuel to a given set of end products is consistent irrespectively of the intermediate chemical steps or pathways used

Question 44

ballistic bomb calorimetry

Answer 44

measuring the amount of heat tied up in chemical bonds to look at somatic growth, reproductive tissues, etc. or we want to know the caloric density of a sample

Question 45

Disadvantages of bomb calorimetry

Answer 45

you have to kill the animal to get a reading