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Anthropology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

0
Q

Components of society:

Structure

A

Social and political relationships:

  • marriage, family, kinship
  • gender, race, ethnicity
  • class, caste, politics
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1
Q

Components of society:

Super structure

A

Ideologies:

  • knowledge, science
  • religion, magic
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2
Q

Components of society:

Infrastructure

A

Material: Environment, biology, technology

  • the economy;
    • production
    • exchange
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3
Q

Economy;

A

The system of production, distribution and consumption of resources in a society.

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4
Q

Subsistence strategy

A

The way a group of people transform the material resources of the environment into food, clothing, shelter, and other material items.

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5
Q

Economic production typology

A 
Foraging (forest products)
horticulture  (
agriculture, 
Pastoralism 
industrialism
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6
Q

Foraging

A

And subsistence strategy that depends on gathering and hunting what can be found in nature

subsist on a wide variety of food

have an intimate and expansive knowledge of the environment

  1. Foraging entails less work and more leisure time than agriculture.
  2. Foragers have how high-quality protein rich diets. Agriculture is based primarily on low-quality carbohydrates.
  3. Foragers have less malnutrition and fewer epidemic diseases.
  4. foragers have a great food security
    - famine are a phenomena unique agriculture societies
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7
Q

Cultivation strategies

A

Horticulture:

agriculture;

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8
Q

Progressivist theory: adopting agriculture was a huge step towards progress

revisionist theory: adopting agriculture was done out of necessity or by force

A

Theories on cultivation: progressivist theory and revolutionist theory

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9
Q

Horticulture

A

Cultivation strategy that does not use land intensively.

Horticulture depends on simple non-mechanized technology and human labor

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10
Q

Swidden

A

“Slash and burn”
Vegetation is cut, allow to dry, and then burned

Burning clears to debris and provides some

Plot the cultivated for 2 to 3 years left fallow to regenerate for 10 to 60 years

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11
Q

Agriculture

A

Cultivation strategy that uses land continuously and intensely

-domesticated animals
-irrigation
-terracing
-

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12
Q

Industrial agriculture

A

Animal and human labor replaced by machines and petrochemicals

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13
Q

Pastoralism

A

A subsistence strategy that relies on herding domesticated animals that eat natural vegetation

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14
Q

Nomadism

A

The entire group moves with the animal to find pasture

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15
Q

Transhumance

A

Only part of the group moves with the animal to find pasture

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16
Q

Syncretism

A

The merging of elements of two or more religious traditions

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17
Q

‘Folk’ Catholicism

A

A blend of my and Catholic belief in Mesoamerica

-case study; San Simón/ Maximon of Guatemala

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18
Q

Effigy:

A

Representation of the specific religious figure or person

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19
Q

Ritual ceremony (rites)

A

Social ritual events or ceremony ritual ceremonies function to increase social solidarity Or to help groups become attracted to internal changes

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20
Q

Ritual stages

A
  1. Separation: a participant is removed from their normal life
  2. Liminality: a participant has an ambiguous social position where normal rules of behavior are suspended, modified. Or reversed.
  3. Reincorporation: Upon successful completion of the ritual the participant is reincorporated into society often with a new or modified status.
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21
Q

Rites of passage

A

Serve to transform an individuals identity

  • gradation, weddings, prom, frat/soro initiations
  • liminal stage is marked by the participants’ ambiguous identity
  • during liminal stage participants tolerate ideals or perform liturgy
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22
Q

Rituals of intensification:

A

Serve to increase group solidarity

-liminal stage is marked by an intense emotional experience

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23
Q

Effervescence

A

The bubbling up on collective emotional intensity generated by worship

24
Q

Communitas

A

A state of perceived solidarity, equality, and untidy among people sharing a ritual
-examples: religious services, sprinting events, corporate retreats

25
Q

Rituals of role reversals

A

Serve to decrease social tension
-liminal stage is marked by a reversal of normal rules of behavior

Antistructure

Allow the expression of hostility between groups within a society without endangering the established social order

26
Q

Anti structure

A

The socially sanctioned use of behavior that radically violates social norms.

27
Q

Magic

A

A system of believes that involve the manipulation of “supernatural” forces for the purpose of intervening in human activities and natural events

28
Q

Animism:

A

The belief in individual souls

29
Q

Antimatism

A

The Belief in a general and impersonal power

30
Q

Mana

A

An impersonal supernatural force that pervades certain people or things and is believed to confer power, strength, and success

31
Q

Ritual behavior

A

Stylized, arbitrary, repetitive, and exaggerated forms of behavior.

32
Q

Ways to perform magic on yourself

A

Ritual behavior, taboo, fetishes

33
Q

Taboo

A

Prescribed behavior or utterances (the opposite of a ritual)

34
Q

Fetishes

A

Material objects that embody “supernatural” power that can aid or protect the owner.

35
Q

Magic on other people

A
  • witchcraft
  • sorcery
  • imitative magic
  • contagious magic
36
Q

Witchcraft

A

An, inborn, involuntary, and often unconscious capacity to cause harm to other people
-the evil eye

37
Q

Sorcery

A

Te conscious and intentional use of magic to cause harm or good to yourself or others

38
Q

Imitative magic

A

Magic based on the premise that performing a procedure imitates the desired result will produce the desired result

39
Q

Contagious Magic

A

The belie that thins once in contact with a person retain a connection with that person

40
Q

Divination

A

Rituals performed to gain knowledge that is otherwise unknowable

41
Q

Oracles

A

People or process that can reveal hidden knowledge about the past, present, or future

42
Q

Structure:

A

The social and cultural systems that individuals operate within (rules of the game)

43
Q

Agency:

A

The capacity of individuals to act independently make their own free choices

44
Q

Reciprocity

A

Exchange between people who are more or less equal

45
Q

General reciprocity

A

Giving with no expectation of return

46
Q

Balanced reciprocity

A

Giving with an expectation of “fair” return

47
Q

Negative reciprocity

A

Giving as little as possible and trying to get as much as possible in return

48
Q

Ethnoscape

A

Global distribution of people associate it with each other by history, kinship, friendship, and would love mutual understanding

49
Q

Corrido

A

Mexican folk ballad

50
Q

Narcocorrido

A

The type of corrido that extols drug traffickers and glorifies drug trafficking

51
Q

Globalization:

A

A process of increasing interconnectedness

The integration of resources, labor, and capital into a global network.

52
Q

The neoliberal approach

A

An economic theory that I had the kids free-trade, free markets, and minimal government involvement or regulation

53
Q

The free trade model

A

Based on the idea the economic development will occur if corporations, capital, and products are able to freely move between nations

54
Q

Multinational corporations (MNCs)

A

I thought to be the most efficient agents of economic development.

MNCs bring jobs and develop a countries

or

MNCs exploit powerless workers

55
Q

Collaboration

A

Incorporates local people as leaders and collaborators in all stages of the projects

56
Q

Holism

A

Attempts to balance and simultaneously pursue economic, social, and environmental goals

57
Q

UN millennium development goals

A

In September 2000 the UN’s a specific development goals in 8 key areas with specific goals for 2015

  1. eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
  2. achieve universal primary education
  3. promote gender equality and empower woman
  4. Reduce childhood mortality
  5. improved maternal health
  6. combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
  7. Ensure environmental sustainability
  8. create global partnerships for economic development

Anthropology (2 decks)

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