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Epidemiology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Study Population

A

study subjects

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2
Q

Source Population

A

population study subject came from

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3
Q

Target Population

A

population results can be extrapolated to

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4
Q

Count

A

absolute number of animals that have the dz

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5
Q

Proportion

A

count of dzed/

total population

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6
Q

Rate

A

the change in # of dzed in a population over time

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7
Q

Ratio

A

for every part of one thing there’s this much of another

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8
Q

Prevalence

A

of dzed at any one time (probability of being dzed)

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9
Q

Point Prevalence

A

of dzed at a single point in time (probability that subject is dzed at that time)

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10
Q

Point Prevalence: Equation

A 
# of dzed at a particular time/
total pop. of same time
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11
Q

Period Prevalence

A

of dzed over a time period (probability that subject is dzed during the period)

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12
Q

Period Prevalence: Equation

A 
# of dzed over time period/
total pop. over same time period
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13
Q

Incidence

A

of new cases during time period (risk of becoming dzed)

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14
Q

Cumulative Incidence

A

proportion of susceptible that become dzed

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15
Q

Cumulative Incidence: Equation

A

New cases of dz/

total pop at risk

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16
Q

Attack Rate

A

Cumulative incidence during an epidemic

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17
Q

Incidence Density/Rate

A

instantaneous rate of occurrence of new cases

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18
Q

Incidence Density/Rate: Equation

A 
# of new cases during the study/
sum of time
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19
Q

Mortality Rate

A

prevalence of death in a given time period

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20
Q

Mortality Rate: Equation

A 
# of deaths during time period/
total pop. during same time
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21
Q

Cause-Specific Mortality Rate

A

mortality rate due to specific dz/event

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22
Q

Cause-Specific Mortality Rate: Equation

A 
#of deaths from dz or event/
total pop
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23
Q

Case Fatality Rate

A

proportion of cases that are fatal

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24
Q

Case Fatality Rate: Equation

A 
# of dzed that die/
total # of dzed
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25
Q

Types of Error

A

random, systmatic

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26
Q

Random Error: Cause

A

due to chance

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27
Q

Systematic Error: Cause

A

due to bias in selection/method

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28
Q

Confidence Interval

A

range in which you are 95% confident the true value can be found

29
Q

p-values

A

estimates if measurement were due to random chance

30
Q

When is CI statistically significant?

A

When the range doesn’t include 1.

31
Q

When is p-value statistically significant?

A

when it’s < 0.05

32
Q

Two-Tailed Test

A

uses both extremes of the bell curve for p-value

33
Q

Type I Error

A

rejecting the null hypothesis when it’s not false

saying there IS association when there ISN’T

34
Q

Type II Error

A

not rejecting the null hypothesis when it’s false

saying there ISN’T an association when there IS

35
Q

Types of Data

A

Categorical, Continuous

36
Q

Categorical Data: Types

A

nominal - M/F, Species, etc.

Ordinal - neonat, juvenile, adult, etc.

37
Q

Continuous Data

A

value can be any number

38
Q

Chi-squared Test

A

measures difference in proportions

39
Q

Chi-squared Test: Data Used

A

categorical data

40
Q

Students T-test

A

compares means of 2 groups

41
Q

Students T-test: Data Used

A

continuous data

42
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

indicates strength and direction of linear relationship between variables

43
Q

Correlation Coefficient: Data Used

A

continuous data

44
Q

What is Odds Ratio?

A

comparing exposure in dzed groups (dzed vs non-dzed)

45
Q

What tests uses odds ratio?

A

cross-sectional, case-control

46
Q

Odds: Equation

A 
#exposed/
#not exposed
47
Q

Odds Ratio: Equation

A

odds of exposure in dzed/

odds of exposure in non-dzed

48
Q

Odds Ratio: Results

A

=1 - no association
>1 - pos. association
<1 - neg. association

49
Q

What is Relative Risk?

A

ratio of incidence of dz in exposed vs. unexposed

50
Q

What tests use Relative Risk?

A

prospective cohort, clinical trials

51
Q

Relative Risk: Equation

A

incidence of dz in exposed/

incidence of dz in unexposed

52
Q

Relative Risk: Results

A

=1 - no association
>1 - pos. association
<1 - neg. association

53
Q

What is Attributable Risk?

A

proportion of incidence in a pop. attributed to a specific exposure

54
Q

What test use Attributable Risk?

A

Prospective Cohort, clinical trials

55
Q

Attributable Risk: Equation

A

(risk of exposed group - risk of unexposed group)/

risk of exposed group

56
Q

Attributable Risk: Results

A

% of dz was caused by “X” exposure

57
Q

What is Prevalence Ratio?

A

ratio or prevalence of dz in exposed vs. unexposed

58
Q

What tests uses Prevalence Ratio?

A

retrospective cohort, cross sectional

59
Q

Prevalence Ratio: Equation

A

prevalence of dz in exposed/

prevalence of dz in unexposed

60
Q

Prevalence Ratio: Results

A

=1 no association
>1 pos. association
<1 neg. association

61
Q

What it validity?

A

absence of systematic error

62
Q

What is Internal Validity?

A

results are valid for study population

63
Q

What is External Validity?

A

results are valid for source population

64
Q

What is non-differential Bias?

A

bias that affect both groups equally

65
Q

What is Differential Bias?

A

bias that affects one group more than the other

66
Q

Systematic Error: Types

A

Selection bias, information bias

67
Q

What is Selection Bias?

A

when the sample doesn’t represent the pop.

68
Q

What is Information Bias?

A

when there is a test malfunction/misinterpretation, misclassification

69
Q

What are Confounders?

A

unknown factor that distorts the relationship between exposure and outcome

Epidemiology (2 decks)

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