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Plant Structure > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Cell and Structures

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2
Q

Morphology

A

overall shape of plants

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3
Q

nonvascular

A

do not have a vascular system (mosses)

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4
Q

Gymnosperms

A

naked seeds, wind pollinated, cone like structure

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5
Q

angiosperms

A

inside of a fruit, flowering plants

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6
Q

totipotency

A

The ability of a cell to return to a materialistic state and produce a whole new plant.

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7
Q

3 organs for plants

A

-leaf -stem -root - all other are modified from these

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8
Q

monocotts

A

1 cotyledons
multiples of three
vascular bundles in the stem are random
Leaf Veination is parallel

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9
Q

dicotts

A

2 cotyledons
multiples of four or five
Vascular bundles in a ring
Netted veins usually

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10
Q

meristem

A

perpetually making new parts

-root and shoot Apical meristems

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11
Q

Tissue system

A
  • Dermal
  • vascular
  • ground
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12
Q

leaf primordium

A

Youngest leaves

embryonic stage of growth

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13
Q

Herbaceous (primary)

A
  • primary growth (new part)

- coming from apical meristems

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14
Q

Woody (Secondary)

A

increases diameter but doesnt add new parts comes from vascular cambium.

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15
Q

plant tissues

A

an accumulation of cells

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16
Q

Dermal

A
  • epidermis: single layer of cells that interacts with the envornment
  • periderm: replaces original epidermis in woody plants
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17
Q

Vascular

A
  • transport and support

- xylem and phloem

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18
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water and mineral nutrients
From transpiration
Cells dead at maturity

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19
Q

Phloem

A
  • transports sugar (sucrose)

- From leaves to where it is needed (roots, fruits)

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20
Q

Ground

A
  • Some Functional role
  • cortex (root)
  • Pith (stem)
  • Mesophyll (leaves)
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21
Q

Cell membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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22
Q

Cell Wall

A

Cellulose, Lignin (If Dead)

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23
Q

Protoplast

A

All things within the cell membrane (no cell wall) but connects adjacent cells.

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24
Q

Apoplast

A

From the membrane of the cell outward (cell wall ect)

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25
Q

Symplast

A

The inside of a cell and not adjacent cells.

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26
Q

Primary wall made up of…

A

Cellulose and carbohydrates

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27
Q

Secondary wall

A

Cellulose and lignin mostly lignin

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28
Q

Paranchyma

A
  • Found in all tissue systems
  • living at maturity
  • Thin primary wall
  • metabolic role of somekind
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29
Q

Collenchyma

A
  • Living in maturity
  • Unevenly thick primary walls (with Pectin)
  • Found only in ground cells
  • Used for support
  • usually under epidermis
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30
Q

Sclerenchyma

A
  • dead at maturity
  • Thick secondary walls
  • xylem
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31
Q

Growth

A

irreversible increase in size (huge vacuole)

-in meristems cells divide.

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32
Q

initial

A

during cell division the cell that stays behind

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33
Q

Derivative

A

Cell leaves after division

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34
Q

Differintiation

A

When cell matures to become part of a specific tissue system.

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35
Q

Dedifferintiation

A

When a cell expresses totipotency and goes back to a meristematic state.

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36
Q

Primary growth

A

-apical meristem -leave and becomes mature cells

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37
Q

Wave of maturation

A

the direction of maturation

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38
Q

Acropital

A

from the base to the tip

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39
Q

basipital

A

from tip to the base (leaves)

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40
Q

Protoderm

A

Transitional state for dermal cells

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41
Q

Ground Meristem

A

Transitional state for ground tissue

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42
Q

Procambium

A

Vascular transitional state

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43
Q

Intercalary Meristems

A

Meristems that will grow back in sections (Look like stripes) pocket so mature then immature. example : grasses

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44
Q

cytoplasam

A

stuff inside of the plasma membrane (liquid)

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45
Q

Secondary wall

A

forms on the inside, no longer flexable, everything inside dies

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46
Q

Pigments

A

either water or lipid soluable

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47
Q

Carotenoids

A

yellow and orange pigments (can be crystalline)

turn leaves yellow and orange in the fall.

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48
Q

Water soluble found…

A

Usually in the vacuoles

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49
Q

Flavonoids

A

Found in vacuole

two types

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50
Q

Flavonals

A

colorless and absorb UV rays

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51
Q

anthocynins

A

blue and purple

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52
Q

Middle lamella

A

Wall of pectin between sister cells

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53
Q

Plasma demata

A

pieces of the endoplasmic reticulum that got caught in between the walls. tubials that connect cells together

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54
Q

desmotubial

A

make the symplastic connection and the plasma desmata run run through it.

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55
Q

Ultra structure

A

Things you can see with and electron microscopes

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56
Q

electron microscope

A

100,000x uses magnets instead of a lens

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57
Q

Plastids

A
  • Chloroplasts
  • chromoplasts
  • leukoplasts
  • have their own DNA
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58
Q

Chloroplasts

A

photosythesis, two membranes

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59
Q

chromoplasts

A

Usuall carotinoids, lipid soluable, coloration, embedded in mebranes

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60
Q

Leukoplasts

A

Colorless,

  • Amyloplast
  • eliaoplasts
  • proteinoplast
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61
Q

Amyloplast

A

Have starches

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62
Q

Eliaoplasts

A

oils

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63
Q

proteinoplasts

A

protein

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64
Q

Mitochondira

A
  • double membrane
  • own dna
  • Food to energy
  • lots of surface area
  • multiple reactions (crebs cycle)
  • Electron transport
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65
Q

Nucleaus

A
  • Contains chromosomes (DNA) histone proteins

- Transcription happens here

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66
Q

Histone Proteins

A

keep things from getting tangled

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67
Q

Endo-membrane system

A

-Nuclear envelope -ER -desmo tubials -golgi apparatus- e

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68
Q

Endoplamic reticulum

A

Makes the plasma desmata when dividing. helps to package things to send to golgi aparatus.

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69
Q

Rough vs. Smooth ER

A

Rough ER ( has rysosomes) synthesises proteins which smooth er packages

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70
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Storage, Protein synthesis, packages proteins

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71
Q

Microfiliments

A
  • Made of actin
  • play a role in cytoplasmic steming
  • move chloroplasts arounds
  • help keep CO2 moving
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72
Q

Micro tubials

A
  • spindels in cell meiosis
  • made of little parts
  • play role in cell shape
  • right by cell walls
  • build new cell walls
  • guide Rosetts around
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73
Q

Rosettes

A

Synthesis microfiberal in the cell wall (cellulose chains)

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74
Q

Primary Cell wall

A

Cell wall layed down during growth and continuing until end of growth

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75
Q

Secondary Cell wall

A

Layed down after cell has stoped growing very rigid made of lignin

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76
Q

Concrete

A

Pectin, Hemicelulose and proteins

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77
Q

Rebar

A

strands of cellulose

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78
Q

Matrix

A

Pectin and hemicellulose that form long chanes of cellulose are trapped in

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79
Q

Lumen

A

Where the vacuole was, large hole in the middle of a dead cell.

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80
Q

Primary Pit Fields

A

Region where common wall between cells is thin and there are many plasma desmota.

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81
Q

Epidermis functions

A 
Protection
absorbtion
sectetion
gas exchange
support
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82
Q

Primary growh Of epidermis

A

apical meristem to protoderm to epidermis (single layer of cells)

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83
Q

Secondary growth of epidermis

A

cork cambium to cork cells

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84
Q

Cuticle

A
  • cutin (lipid) and wax
  • glued to the surface with pectin
  • prevents water loss
  • not found on roots
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85
Q

Periclinal

A

Division parallel to the surface

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86
Q

Anticlinal

A

Perpendicular divisions .

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87
Q

Root hairs

A

Outgrowth of a single cell (then become multicellular)
Increase surface area
penetrate soil
Die and move on to younger parts
may have glands which secret a lubricant to push through soils.

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88
Q

Trichomes

A

any outgrowth of epidermis
hairs, scales, glandular.
no ground tissue

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89
Q

Stamata

A

Pair of guard cells that open and close to let CO2 in and as a consequence allow water to go out.
K2+ and CL+ enter the cell and through osmosis fill the guard cells and push them apart.

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90
Q

hypstomatas

A

bottom side of leaf

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91
Q

epistomatas

A

top of leaves (water Lilly)

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92
Q

amphistomatous

A

Both top and bottom of the the leaves (grass)

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93
Q

subsidiary cells

A

Sister cells of the guard cell and are right next to the guard cells

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94
Q

Secretion

A

Cleans things
moves things around
oils, resins, odors, water,.salts…

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95
Q

Transpher cells

A

Used for sectetion
Have increased surface area and lots of mitochondria
walls are very folded

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96
Q

External sectetion

A

Dermal (inside to outside)
have ground and vascular tissue involved
ex. Nectairy and glandular hair
through guard cells mostly

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97
Q

Internal Sectetion

A

Not dermal

Either or both vascular or ground tissue.

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98
Q

Coleiter

A

Waxy coating to protect leaf primordia during times of dormancy or lack of growth.

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99
Q

Osmophore

A

Usually secteate odors (glands or hairs)

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100
Q

Hydathode

A

Usually found in tips of leaves

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101
Q

Gatation

A

plants secretes liquid water. helps repair xylem fix embalisms

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102
Q

Active Secretion

A

Cell is activly moving things into itself (Laticifer)

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103
Q

Passive

A

Has a cavity surrounded by cells and the cells transport with init.

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104
Q

Laticifers

A

Physical deterant to hervivory
contain latex which is sticky and can be poisonous.
Latex can be made of may things.

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105
Q

Phloem

A

Parenchyma
Fibers
Sieve elments
sieve cells and sieve tube member members
Move sugars (sucrose, Glucose and fructose)
positive pressure

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106
Q

Sieve Cells

A

Elongate, only primary walls, have sieve areas, lose orgenalles but are still technically alive. Have an albuminous cell (companion cell). sugar moves across overlapping sieve areas.

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107
Q

Sieve areas

A

transformed primary pit feilds

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108
Q

Sieve areas are formed..

A

callose lines primary pit fields and then erodes away leaving a sieve pore.

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109
Q

Sieve tube member vs. Seive Cell

A

Member: Seive plates and still have seive areas. Have a cap on end of bundle. most of sieve areas are towards the top.
Cell: Long tube of cells that overlap. Form a long tube.

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110
Q

Source

A

Where Sugars are made, stored or matabalized

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111
Q

Sink

A

Where sugars are being used, Roots meristem developing fruit, tuber or root.

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112
Q

Mass flow

A

water moves into dilute area with concentrated sugar. sugar is pushed out and moves to sink

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113
Q

phloem pressure…

A

Is positive

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114
Q

P proteins

A

Proteins that will block holes in phloem.
Callouse makes them permanent
sometimes called a slime plug

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115
Q

Cambium

A

Single row of cells. xylem inside phloem outside (secondary). leave initial behind

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116
Q

Rays

A

are useful for transport and storage.

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117
Q

Xylem

A

moves most water in plants
transports minerals in solution.
transpiration causes a negative pressure hydrogen bonds cause molecules to stick together. Stomata let water out.

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118
Q

Trachids

A

Clusters of overlapping pit pairs

dead, thick secondary walls. Pits allow water transport

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119
Q

Hard woods

A

Angiosperms, paranchyma. fibers, vessle members trachids

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120
Q

Soft woods

A

Tracheids paranchyma

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121
Q

Angio sperm conducting cells

A

phloe: Seive tube members xylem: vessle members

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122
Q

Gymnospersm

A

Phloem:seive cells xylem:traxids

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123
Q

porosity

A

how many pores it has

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124
Q

aporous

A

no pores/vessles

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125
Q

diffuse porous

A

no difference between early wood and late wood

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126
Q

Ring Porous

A

big vessels in early wood small in late wood

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127
Q

Pariclinal

A

add to the xylem of phloem

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128
Q

Anticlinal

A

multiplicitive

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129
Q

Ray cell initial

A

parellel cells out to both sides

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130
Q

Fusiform initial

A

part of axial cells

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131
Q

Rays

A

Paranchyma cells

132
Q

Axial

A

Tracheids, vessel members, sieve tube members

133
Q

Heart wood

A

dark inner wood had deposited resins and gums that are secreted to protect from pathogens

134
Q

Tyloses

A

paranchyma cells that balloon into a vessel member to block it off

135
Q

Recepticle

A

the enlarged end of the flower stem or stalk to which the spals petals and stamens and carpels are attached

136
Q

Sepals

A

Collectivly the calyx

137
Q

Petals

A

Collectively the androecium

138
Q

Pistil

A

consists of one or more carpels, simple pistel has single carple compound has many. colectivly the gynoecium

139
Q

Complete flower

A

All floral aprts present

140
Q

Incomplete flower

A

One or more of the four floral parts lacking

141
Q

Perfect flower

A

Stamens and pistils present on the same flower. bisexual or hermanphroditic

142
Q

imperfect flower

A

either stamens or pistils lacking. unisexular. only an androecium is a staminate flower while one possessinga gynoecium is a pistillate flower.

143
Q

monoeious plant

A

pistillate flowers and staminate flowers on the same plant

144
Q

dioecious

A

pistillate flowers restricted to one ploant, staminate flwers to anouther.

145
Q

Spiral arrangment

A

floral pars arranged in a spiral

146
Q

whorled arrangement

A

floral parts attached at one level.

147
Q

Arrangment of floral parts

A
  • spiral

- whorled

148
Q

Floral symmetry

A

regular

irregular

149
Q

regular

A

corolla made op of petals of simislar shape that radiate from the center of the flower and are equidistant from each other. radially symetrical

150
Q

irregular

A

one or more members of at least one whorl are of different form from other members of the same whorl. bilaterally symetrical.

151
Q

hypogynous

A

calix,petals and stameens attached to the receptical at the base of the ovary, which is superior

152
Q

perigynous

A

petals and stamens attached tothe margin of a cup shaped extension of the recepticle. ovary free of surrounding pars and superior

153
Q

Epigynous

A

sepals, petals and stamens apparently growing from top of ovary which is inferior.

154
Q

Simple friuts

A

those which are developed from a single pistil and which consist of a single matured ovary together with any accessory structures closely associated with the ovary.

155
Q

Fleshy fruits

A

those in which a part or all of the pericarp and any accessory structures becume fleshy at maturity

156
Q

Berry

A

all parts of the pericarp fleshy or pulpy except the exocarp which is often skin like.

157
Q

hesperidium

A

berry with leathery separable rind.

158
Q

drupe

A

mostly one seeded fruits in which the exocarp is usually thin and skin like, the mesocarp fleshy and endocarp stony

159
Q

pome

A

developed from a compound pistil with two or more carpels and an inferior ovary; floral tube forming major fleshy part of fruit; outer part of pericarp fleshy, endocarp cartilaginous.

160
Q

Dry fruits

A

those in which the pericarp and accessory structures become more or less dry when mature

161
Q

dehicent fruits

A

those which split open at maturity

162
Q

Legume

A

developed from simple pistil; splitting along two sutures into to valves

163
Q

follicle

A

developed from a simple pistil; splitting along one suture

164
Q

capsule

A

developed from a compound pistil

165
Q

indehiscent fruits

A

Those which do not split open at manturity

166
Q

Grain or caryopsis

A

small one seeded; seed coat fused to pericarp over its entire surface.

167
Q

Achene

A

Small one seeded; seed attached to pericarp at one point only; pericarp readily separable from seed coat

168
Q

samara

A

winged achene

169
Q

nut

A

pericarp hard or crustaceous throughout; usually from a compound pistil only one carpel of which develops; mostly one seeded usually with and involucre.

170
Q

Aggregate fruits

A

those consisting of a number of similar small fruits all of which developed from a singal flower with many separate pistils and which mature together as a single unit on a common receptacle (together with anny accessory structues. mostly fleshy (strawperry, raspberry)

171
Q

Multiple fruits

A

Those consisting of the matured ovaries of an entire inflorescence together with any accesory structures all adhering together in a single mass mostly fleshy

172
Q

Protoxylem

A

-Elongate while functioning. -Mature first -have spiral or annular wall thickenings

173
Q

Meta xylem

A
  • has larger holes - more complete walls
174
Q

Protoxylem lacuna

A

holes where the elongation was not able to compensate for the protoxylem.

175
Q

phyllotaxis

A

Arrangement of leaves

176
Q

Spiral

A

one leaf at a time, around 140 from each other

177
Q

Opposite and decussite

A

two leaves at a time rotate 90 from each other

178
Q

Whorled

A

Many leaves attached at a node

179
Q

Distichous

A

All Leaves are in one plane. Not necessarily opposite of each other.

180
Q

Leaf trace

A

When a vascular bundle breaks off to the leaf

181
Q

Leaf Gap

A

Area with out vascular bundles

182
Q

Lenticel

A

Small opening in the bark that allows co2 to diffuse in. cells surrounding it are loosely packed.

183
Q

Areole

A

Small section of leaf surrounded by veins

184
Q

interfasicular region

A

The region between vascular bundles that expresses impotency at the beginning of secondary growth.

185
Q

Phellogen (cork cambium)

A

Way to get rid of old phloem. makes pheloderm 1-2 layers. outside is the cork. Walls have suberin. cells are dead and form a protecive barrier.
Cells in cortex become meristematic again and devide parachlinaly.
everything outside is dead.

186
Q

Bark

A

From the vascular cambium out

187
Q

Outerbark

A

innermost periderm out

188
Q

inner bark

A

intermost cork cambium into vascular cambium

189
Q

Simple leaves

A
  • Blade/ lamina -petiole - Base stipule outgrowth protects leaf primordia -Blade is one structure
190
Q

Compound

A

-blade is broken up -pinate or palmate

191
Q

Pinate

A

broken up along a line. have a racnis or area between leaves.

192
Q

Palmate

A

all leafletts attached at a single point

193
Q

Bifacial leaf

A

Interacts differently on top then on bottom. Clearly have palacade and spongy mezaphyll. stomatas on bottom

194
Q

Veination

A

Shape of veins

195
Q

Netted

A

Veins are allover

196
Q

Parrelel

A

buddles become long and paralell some have connections

197
Q

Dikotimus or forking

A

Ginko

198
Q

Hydrophytes

A

Like water

199
Q

Mesophytes

A

Like normal conditions

200
Q

xerophytes

A

Adapted to dry conditions -lower surface to volume -Store water in leaves - Lots of tricomes or hairs -help to reflect light to keep temperatures down- thicker than normal cuticle -mezophyll is very copact -limited co2 intake as it loses water -lots of schleranchyma -Stomates are protected in pockets known as sunken stomates

201
Q

Buliform cells

A

Cells on a leaf that fill with water to push the leaf open to do more photosynthesis

202
Q

Apical meristem

A

Forms midrip of leaf primordia

203
Q

Plate meristem

A

Expands width of meristem with out making it thicker

204
Q

adaxial

A

thickens midrib

205
Q

intercallary

A

starts to expand the petiole

206
Q

Plastochron

A

time between initiation of leaves -each leaf is and event unless in a pair

207
Q

Basipital maturation

A

From the tip to the base

208
Q

Absicion

A

When the leaf falls from the tree.

  1. mobilization
  2. Cell division
  3. Absicion
209
Q

Mobilization

A

Break down of chlorophyll and other nutrients to save resources.

210
Q

Cell division

A

Forms a protective layer of cells to help plant survive absision. sereate pectinase to weaken middle lamella to create zone of weakness. Cell walls are suberized

211
Q

Separation layer

A

layer of the leaf that protects plant and allows it to separate.

212
Q

Bud Trace

A

leaf trace for a bud that connects it to the rest of the vascular system

213
Q

Tap Roo

A

When the radicle continues to grow and there is one main root

214
Q

Fiberous

A

not one main root but many roots

215
Q

Adventitious roots

A

Come out of stem or other unusual place

216
Q

Roots

A

Absorbtion
anchorage
storage function

217
Q

Radicle

A

Embryonic root

218
Q

Endodermis

A

Entermost layer of the cortex acts as a apoplastic barrier. can cross once it enters a cell

219
Q

Pericycle

A

single layer of peranchyma cells

important in the initiation of lateral roots

220
Q

Appaplast

A

Wall space

221
Q

Simplast

A

things insicde the cell membrande Allows plants to decide what it wants to let in

222
Q

Suberin

A

impermiable lipid that doesnt let anything in or out

223
Q

Capserian strip

A

Band of suberin that ives in the endodermis and doesnt let anything get in with out entering a cell.lignified wall forms inside of this

224
Q

Root maturation

A

Acropital

225
Q

Formation of lateral Roots

A

lump of tissue forms on the ends of protoxylem creating a root primordia. Root will then push throught the endodermis and the pericycle. may produce and enzyme to do so. Endodermis will eventually connect back up to the original endodermis

226
Q

Mycorrhiza

A

Symbiotic relationship between a fungi and a plant. fungi usually gets carbs from plant and igives water and nutrients primarily phosphorous

227
Q

Exomycorrhiza

A

Where the fungi do not penetrate the cell wall

228
Q

Endomycorrhiza

A

When fungi penetrate the cell wall

229
Q

Alternation of generations

A

When there are some stages where the plant is haploid and others where it is diplide

230
Q

Sporophytes

A

make spores.

flowers anther an ovary undergo miosis

231
Q

gameophytes

A

make gametes

232
Q

mitosis

A

one cell to two cells with the same number of chromosomes

233
Q

meiosis

A

one cell to four cells one half original number of chromosomes

234
Q

Sygony

A

when the egg and sperm combine to form a zygote

235
Q

pollen grain

A

male gamedophyte

236
Q

eggsacks

A

female gamedopyte

237
Q

Stamen

A

Stalk like filament

238
Q

Anther

A

Chambers that hold pollen grins (lockules)

239
Q

caylx

A

Sepals of the flower; typically forming a whorl that protects the petals

240
Q

Petals

A

collectivly th ecorolla

241
Q

stamen

A

anther and filament; collectively the androecium

242
Q

pistil

A

ovary style and stigma collectively the gynoecium

243
Q

perianth

A

sepals and petals

244
Q

simple

A

one carpel

245
Q

compound

A

two or more carpels

246
Q

carpel

A

Female reproductive organs consisting of the stigma style and ovary

247
Q

intine

A

inside wall of a pollen grain made of cellulose

248
Q

extime

A

outside wall of pollen grain made of cellulose and sporopollenis

249
Q

apatures

A

zones of wekness

250
Q

placenta

A

where overy is attached

251
Q

funiculus

A

stalk connecting seed to the placenta

252
Q

integuments

A

nutrient rich diploid wall around the seed

253
Q

bract

A

leaves associeted with flower. below flower it is some how different

254
Q

complete

A

contains all floral parts

255
Q

incomplete

A

does not contain all floral parts

256
Q

perfect

A

bisexual floweres

257
Q

imperfect

A

contains only male or female parts in the flowers

258
Q

monoecius

A

male and female flowers found in one plant

259
Q

dioecius

A

male and female flowers found on separate plants

260
Q

Regular flowers (actinomorphic)

A

symetric in many ways

261
Q

irregular flowrs

A

zygomorphic symetric in only one way

262
Q

adnate

A

fusion of unlike flower parts

263
Q

connate

A

fusion of like parts (tube flower of a petunia)

264
Q

hypoginous

A

below female part (superior ovary

265
Q

perigynous

A

superior ovary but everything fuses at the base and forms a hypanthium around the female part.

266
Q

epigynous

A

receptical grows around ovary and iverior ovary

267
Q

Tepals

A

when petal and sepals all alike

268
Q

sepals and petals

A

are modified leaves have an epidermis and spongy mezophyll leaves that are not differentiated for photosynthesis

269
Q

Anther

A

pollen is produced; often 4 lobes; vascular tissue travels up

270
Q

endothecium

A

opens and releases pollen

271
Q

stomium

A

where epidermis splits open

272
Q

tapetume

A

provides nutrients for the pollen grain

273
Q

stigma

A

pollen receptive. secretory structure to help with pollen

274
Q

style

A

may be hollow and will secreate things to help pollen called transmitting sissue

275
Q

ovary

A

turns into the fruit

276
Q

ovuals

A

turn into seeds

277
Q

female gamete

A

either monosporic or tetrasporic

278
Q

monosporic

A

three spores die

279
Q

tetrasporic

A

all four survive but theree go on to become embryo sack

280
Q

synergins

A

where the pollen tube enters the ovual

281
Q

pollenation

A

when the pollen comes into contact with the stigma

282
Q

Double fertilization

A

unique to angiosperms when one sperm fertilizes endosperm and one fertilizes the egg.

283
Q

Globular stage

A

zygote gains polarity (root and shoot end).

284
Q

heart stage

A

Things begin to elongate and differentiate

285
Q

torpedo stage

A

formation of a vascular system primary meristems reveiled

286
Q

Free nuclear indosperm

A

only the nucleus divides and there are lots of nuclei. may start to form cell walls allso

287
Q

Albuminous seed

A

still has food next to embryo after it dries

288
Q

exalbuminous

A

embryo has eaten up all nutrietion and it is storing it inside the plant ususally in cotyledons

289
Q

Ovary wall

A

fruit wall, as many as three layers known as pericarp

290
Q

endocarp

A

innermost layer

291
Q

mesocarp

A

middle layer

292
Q

exocarp

A

outer layer

293
Q

acessary fruits

A

when floral cups/ hypanthium fuse and become part of th efruit

294
Q

simple

A

floral pata are attached below. one flower one pistole

295
Q

aggregate

A

multiple pistoles and one flower

296
Q

multiple

A

fusion of many flowers pinneapple

297
Q

epigeal

A

to have the cotyledons emerge Above ground for germination

298
Q

hypogeal

A

when the cotyledens stay below ground for germination

299
Q

imbibition

A

takes up water in preparation to sprout

300
Q

stratification

A

when the seed has cold requirements

301
Q

scarification

A

when the seed coat needs to be broken somehow

302
Q

stolon

A

a form of vegitative reproduction where a adventatious shoot forms and the grows root where it touches the ground

303
Q

Rhizome

A

where roots from a plant can form anouther plant

304
Q

flowering stems

A

a sem produces a baby plant

305
Q

senesence

A

when a plant grows out and then dies at certain points producing multiple plants

306
Q

articulation

A

when a par of the plant falls of producing a new plant

307
Q

tubers

A

like a potato

308
Q

bulbil

A

like a onion or lily.

309
Q

auxin

A

promotes root growth

310
Q

cytokinetin

A

promotes shoot growth

311
Q

Inflorescence type

A
  1. Spike 2. raceme 3. panicle 4. umbel 5. compound umbel. 6. catkin 7. head
312
Q

c3 photosythesis

A

plants growing with enough water

313
Q

c4 photosythesis

A

Plants in dry climates. dark reactions done at night to conserve water.

314
Q

Organelles

A

microscopic components of a cell

315
Q

protoplasm

A

contents of a living cell

316
Q

plasma membrand

A

what holds the protoplast

317
Q

nucleus

A

contains genetic manterial and dna controls metabolism

318
Q

vacuoles

A

water filled sacks and storage for cells

319
Q

mitochondria

A

responsible for aerobic respiration

320
Q

plastids

A

very versitle and multifunctional

321
Q

dictyosomes

A

pakage materials for export from the cell

322
Q

eragastic substances

A

chemical compounds that are stored as crystals, droplets or particles

323
Q

gyaloplasam

A

liquid between all the other organells

324
Q

coenocytes

A

really huge cells

325
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

membranse are composed of two layers of lipids proteins are emmbeded between the lipid bilayer things can move in and out through diffusion

326
Q

microbodies

A

temporary storage. single membrane structures

Plant Structure (3 decks)

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