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Chemistry > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Unusual properties of water

A 
High melting point
High boiling point
Water expands when it freezes
High specific heat 
High heat of fusion 
High heat of vaporization
Excellent solvent for ionic and polar compounds
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2
Q

Specific heat

A

Energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree C

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3
Q

Heat of fusion

A

Energy required to melt a given amount of water

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4
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

Energy required to vaporize a given amount of water

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5
Q

Electronegativity

A

Measure of an atom’s attraction for the electrons it shares in a chemical

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6
Q

Electronegativity of Water

A

Oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen

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7
Q

Unique properties of Hydrogen

A 
High boiling point
High melting point
High heat of vaporization
High specific heat
Lower density of ice
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8
Q

The arrangement of H2O molecules in ice

A

Ice has an open, hexagonal arrangement of H2O molecules

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9
Q

Consequence of High boiling point

A

Water is liquid

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10
Q

Consequence of low density of ice

A

Ice forms on the surface of lakes and insulate the lower layers of water… saving aquatic life

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11
Q

Consequence of high specific heat

A

Oceans and lakes are heat reservoirs that moderate daily temperature variations

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12
Q

High heat of vaporization

A

Perspiration. Summers are cooler near large bodies of water

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13
Q

High heat of fusion

A

Water releases large amounts of heat upon freezing… Saves crops from freezing by spraying them with water

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14
Q

Water electronegativity

A

Hydrogen… positive

Water… negative

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15
Q

Water dissolves:

A

NaCl and other salts. Fertilizers containing nitrate, NO3, and Phosphate ions.

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16
Q

Aerobic bacteria

A

Need oxygen. Oxidize organic matter to CO2, water, and inorganic compounds, such as NO3, and PO4… act as fertilizers that promote growth of algae, which deplete oxygen and kill lake

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17
Q

Anaerobic bacteria

A

Only these survive when all oxygen from the water is depleted… reduce organic matter producing CH4, H2S, and NH3

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18
Q

Ecological Cycles

A

Solar energy -> algae -> fish -> organic wastes -> bacteria -> inorganic washes - > algae

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19
Q

Water purification process

A
  1. Coarse filtration
  2. Aluminum sulfate and CaO are added… create stick gel that collect suspended dirt particles
  3. Sand filter
  4. Aeration … aerobic bacteria consume organic matter
  5. Diisenfection to kill disease causing organism … often chlorine
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20
Q

Common disinfectants

A

Chlorine
Ozone
Choramines
UV rays

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21
Q

Chlorine pros and cons

A 
Pros...
Residual action
Cheap
Cons...
Bad taste
Forms residual byproducts
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22
Q

Ozone pros and cons

A 
Pros:
No bad taste or odor
Kills bacteria and waterborne viruses more effectively
No residual by products
Cons:
No residual action
Expensive
23
Q

Uv rays pro and cons

A 
Pros:
Fast
No residual by products
No smell or odor 
Cons:
Unable to be used on industrial scale
24
Q

Chloramine pros and cons

A 
Pros...
Residual action
Cheap 
Effective
Residual action
No chlorinated by products 
Cons:
Not sure yet
25
Q

Neutralization

A

Reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water

26
Q

Mole

A

An avagadoros number of anything

27
Q

Avagadoro’s number

A

6.02 x 10^23

28
Q

Molar mass

A

The mass of one mole of whatever particles are specified

29
Q

Molar Concentration

A

Amount of a substance dissolved in a given volume of a solvent mol/L

30
Q

Molarity

A

Number of moles of a substance present in one liter of solution. In pure water, the molarities of H+ and OH - are equal

31
Q

Why is pure rain acidic?

A

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere creates a hydrogen ion and. HCO3-

32
Q

What does acid rain contain and where is it from?

A

Nitrogen oxides… from cars

Sulfur oxides… from coal

33
Q

Limestone and Acid Rain Equation

A

CaCO3 (s) + 2H+ (aq) -> Ca 2+ (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

34
Q

How do soulful and nitrogen oxides affect the acidity of rain?

A

Create sulfurous acid (H2SO3), Sulfuric acid, nitric acid

35
Q

Who discovered radioactivity?

A

Antoine Becquerrel

36
Q

Radioactivity

A

Spontaneous emission of radiation from certain unstable elements.

37
Q

What did Joliot-Curie discover?

A

Induced radioactivity and positron emission

38
Q

Most dangerous kind of radiation

A

Gamma.

39
Q

Free radicals

A

Free electrons tht are very reactive and can initiate a large number of undesirable chemical reactions. Caused by alpha, beta, gamma, and x rays

40
Q

How can we obtain H2?

A

Electrolysis… passing a direct current of electricity through water to break O-H bonds… problem… is not efficient

Thermal decomposition or reaction between water vapor and Carbon from coal… takes a ton of energy… inefficient

41
Q

Fuel Cells

A

Chemical energy (from either Hydrogen or Methanol) is converted directly into energy.

42
Q

Fuel cells - benefits

A

High efficiency
Low fuel consumption
Noiseless
Minimal or no pollutant emission

Problem..

Getting the hydrogen

43
Q

Batteries

A

Electrochemical cells. Devices that convert the energy of chemical reactions into electrical energy.
Ex: Li-ion battery in cars

Much more efficient than Hydrogen fuel-cell car.

44
Q

Renewable energy resources

A

Constantly replenished and will never run out. Most comes either directly or indirectly from the sun

45
Q

How do humans harvest solar energy?

A

Photovoltaic cells… made of semiconductors… minerals that conduct electricity under certain conditions: Silicon (e.g. If doped with p-type or n-type atom).

P-type… has less electrons than silicon. N-type has more electrons than silicon

46
Q

Ptype vs Ntypes

A

Ptype have less electrons than silicon whereas n types have more electrons than silicon.

47
Q

Photovoltaics benefits

A 
High reliability
Low operating costs 
Environmental benefits
Modularity: constructed to any size 
Low construction costs: placed close to where electricity is used
48
Q

Hydroloelectric Power

A

Draws power from hydrologic cycle, which comes from sun.
Requires creation of dams, which funnel water from reservoirs to spin turbine. Used to be a much larger portion of US electrical generation.

49
Q

Hydroelectric Power Advantages and Disadvantages

A 
Advantages
- other than manufacture, does not produce any emissions
-low maintenance and operational costs
-large reservoirs 
Disadvantages 
- changes to river flows
- decreased water quality
- impaces fish migration and fisheries 
- creates flooding
50
Q

Wind energy Advantages and Disadvantages

A 
Advantages
Wind energy is free, renewable
Wind energy is also no polluting
Disadvantages
Economic...
High initial investment 
Environmental...
Noise
Visual impacts
Birds
Other...
Wind is intermittent 
Cannot be stored
Good wind sites are often far away from electric power demand
51
Q

Geothermal advantages and disadvantages

A

Advantages:
Lower emissions than fossil fuels
Higher % availability than the

52
Q

Carbon sequestration

A 
Natural:
Photosynthesis
Solubility pump
Biological pump
Enhancing natural sequestration:
Reforestation 
Addition of iron to oceans
Organic farming... no till and crop rotation
53
Q

Geological sequestration

A

Co2 pumped into disused coal fields displaces methane which can be used as fuel
Co2 pumped into and stored in saline aquifers
Co2 pumped into oil field making extraction easier

54
Q

Coal washing

A
  1. Coal is ground into smaller pieces
  2. Coal is fed into barrels containing a liquid that has a density that causes the coal to float and unwanted material to sinks
  3. Coal is then pulverized and prepared for burning

Chemistry (1 decks)

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