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History With Bian > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

The warring states period 500-221 BC

A

emergence of new schools of thought resulted from the sustained systemic crisis and human response to it during the warring states period

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2
Q

Defining moment

A

refers to the period between 500 bc to 500 ce when major civilizations developed their defining or distinguishing characteristics

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3
Q

who created the distinguishing characteristics

A

creative minorities

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4
Q

creative minorities

A

refers to political, religious, and intellectual leaders who helped shape and define their civilizations during the defining moment in world history

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5
Q

what was the first major school of thought

A

Confucianism developed by Confucius and his followers

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6
Q

Confucius was china’s very first….

A 
professional teacher (took tuition paying students)
teaching=vocation=way of life
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7
Q

birth place of Confucius

A

Lu

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8
Q

basic teachings of Confucius

A

1) He wanted to establish an ideal society based on a well defined social hierarchy and a code of moral conduct
2) He placed special emphasis on the role of the ruler, for he believed that government was fundamentally a matter of ethics
3) he was concerned with the education of individuals, desiring to produce NOBLEMEN in the sense of a cultivated man or superior man

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9
Q

qualities of nobleman

A
  • inner righteousness
  • loyalty
  • reciprocity
  • benevolence
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10
Q

ideology

A

a set of beliefs or doctrines that form the basis of a political, social, and moral system

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11
Q

defining character of Confucianism

A

it is a combination/ fusion of sociopolitical PHILOSOPHY and ethical- moral RELIGION

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12
Q

after Confucius, the first important successor remembered by history was

A

Mencius
2nd father of Confucianism
“Human nature is inherently good”

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13
Q

The three character classic was compiled under the

A

song dynasty, 960-1279

“people at birth are naturally good”

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14
Q

Mencius’s 1st major contribution

A

1) the idea that human nature is potentially good
2) for Mencius, THE MANDATE OF HEAVEN MANIFESTED ITSELF ONLY THROUGH THE ACCEPTANCE OF A RULER BY HIS PEOPLE, which implies that the welfare of the people if the ultimate standard for judging government

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15
Q

Key points about Confucianism

A
  • Confucianism emerged in response to the sustained systemic crisis of Chinese society
  • the Confucian solution to crisis was restoration of traditions, cultivation of virtuous rulers and individuals, and the establishment of government by moral examples.
  • It was moral and ethical in character
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16
Q

confucianization

A

the process by which Confucianism became officially recognized imperial ideology as well as the core curriculum of education

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17
Q

The five classics

A

five ancient Chinese books associated with Confucius . THEY WERE COMPILED [put together] DURING THE HAN DYNASTY (206BC-220CE) and invoked as authorities on Chinese society, government, religion, and literature. They were taught from 136Bc to 1905 Ce

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18
Q

De Facto imperial academy 136Bc

A

In 136 Bc, Han Wudi set up Five professors of the five classics at the imperial court and shortly afterwards assigned 50 students to study with them, thus creating a de facto imperial academy

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19
Q

The confucianization of the Han Empire is strikingly similar to….

A

The Christianization of the roman empire

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20
Q

secular religion

A

it refers to ideas, theories, or philosophies which involve no spiritual component ,yet possess qualities similar to those of a religion

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21
Q

Confucianism

A

is a secular religion

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22
Q

comparing Christianity and Confucianism

A
  • founder
  • second founder
  • disciples
  • scripture/ classics
  • core curriculum
  • belief system
  • god/ heaven
  • confucianization/ Christianization
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23
Q

The spread of Buddhism in china

A

64-581Ce

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24
Q

Defining characteristics of ancient india in comparison with ancient china

A

India

  • The lack of centralized empires and the dominance by regional kingdoms
  • the development of a well defined but inflexible social structure known as caste system
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25
Q

Siddhartha Gautama and the rise of Buddhism in India

A
  • Siddhartha was born in Nepal

- Siddhartha “one whose aim is accomplished”

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26
Q

Ascetic

A

A person who renounces material comforts and leads a life of austere self- discipline, especially as an act of religious devotion

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27
Q

Siddhartha’s birth place

A

Lumbini Garden

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28
Q

Great renunciation

A

Siddhartha was going to discard the prince life and become a wandering ascetic

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29
Q

for 6 years Siddhartha practiced various severe austerities and extreme self mortifications

A

austerities and self mortification is the discipline of the body and appetite by self denial

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30
Q

Where did Siddhartha reach enlightenment

A

Under the pipal tree

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31
Q

The four noble truths:

A

1) Life is suffering
2) suffering is caused by desire
3) the way to end suffering is to end desire
4) the way to end desire is to avoid two extremes and follow the middle path
1) The extreme of a life of vulgar materialism
2) The extreme of a life of self- torture and self
mortification

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32
Q

enlightenment

A

a blessed state in which the individual transcends desire and suffering and attains Nirvana, which was the ultimate goal/ condition

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33
Q

Nirvana

A

The ultimate goal/ condition, beyond existence and without form or definition. It is a blissful spiritual condition where the heart extinguishes passion, hatred, and delusion. It is the highest spiritual plane a person can attain

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34
Q

what happened after the death of Buddha

A

The creation of two schools of Buddhism

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35
Q

What were the two schools of Buddhism

A

Theravada and Mahayana

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36
Q

Theravada

A

It was the traditional form of Buddhism closer to the teachings of the historical Buddha. The followers of Theravada Buddhism renounced the material world and emphasized the importance of monastic life and limited routes to salvation

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37
Q

Mahayana “ Greater Vehicle”

A

emphasized the importance of personal devotion and the universal opportunity for salvation. Within this school of Buddhism, the Buddha himself was made a supernatural god. There were also innumerable pother deities called Bodhisattvas

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38
Q

Who were Bodhisattvas

A

enlightened beings destined to attain nirvana but decided out of the compassion in their hearts to delay the final act to help others to achieve salvation

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39
Q

what connected both ends of Eurasia

A

The Han Empire in larger context and the Silk Road

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40
Q

The silk road

A

Refers to a network of interlinking trade routes across the Eurasian landmass that connects east, south, and west Asia with the Mediterranean and European world

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41
Q

where was Theravada Buddhism dominant

A

in southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos

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42
Q

Where was Mahayana Buddhism dominant

A

East Asia

43
Q

Phases in the intro of Buddhism

A

phase 1: translating and absorbing Buddhist scriptures 1-3 centuries ce
Phase 2: mass conversion among the general population, 4-6 centuries ce

44
Q

during phase 1

A

Buddhism infiltrated from china’s northwest corridor, along the silk road

45
Q

emperor Ming had a dream 64ce

A

significance of the dream: the emperors dream was the first known incident regarding the intro of Buddhism in china
- horses carried Buddhist scripture to Louyang during han dynasty

46
Q

mass conversion to Buddhism 4-6 century ce

A

established as the dominant religion

-invasion of Han capital Luoyang, 316 ce

47
Q

During the period of political fragmentation 220-581 ce

A

Buddhism became chinas dominant religion

48
Q

In northern china alien rulers accepted Buddhism for the same reason that the franks converted to Christianity after the collapse of the roman empire

A

They hoped to attract the allegiance of the Buddhist population and legitimize their rule

49
Q

Who were the greatest patrons of Buddhism

A

Rulers of Northern Wei Dynasty 386-534

50
Q

What was reflected in the erratic behavior of emperor Liang Wudi

A

Buddhism’s strong appeal to native chinese

51
Q

Liang Wudi acquired titles that suggest the fusion of both Confucian and Buddhist political sanctions

A

emperor Bodhisattva, bodhisattva son of heaven

52
Q

Sinicization

A

To make Chinese in character or to change or modify by Chinese influence

53
Q

Restoring primary political tradition

A

administrative centralization during the sui and tang dynasties 581-906 Ce

54
Q

By the end of the sixth century two important dynasties the Sui (581-617)and the Tang (618-906) had….

A

brought about china’s reunification as well as administrative, ideological, intellectual, and religious recentralization

55
Q

Major achievements of the Sui dynasty (581-617)

A
  • the Sui dynasty brought about china’s reunification and administrative recentralization
  • Built the Grand Canal from Hanzhou (south part) to Bejing (north part)
56
Q

Evolution of state policy toward Buddhism under the Tang Dynasty

A
  • During the early Tang Dynasty (618-906) the imperial court continued to patronize Buddhist establishments and build Buddhist temples
  • At the same time Siniczation continued, as Buddhism became more Chinese in character and continued to be modified by Chinese influence
  • The transformation of the Buddha into a FAT Buddha occurred under the Tang dynasty
57
Q

What happened to Buddhism during the Tang dynasty

A

It declined to secondary tradition

58
Q

Why did state policy towards Buddhism change during the late Tang dynasty

A

1) as the Tang dynasty began to decline, the large land holdings of Buddhist monasteries were seen as a fiscal treat to the state, for they removed land and people from tax registers
2) during the late tang dynasty, the once discredited Confucianism had begun to experience revival and Confucian scholars started to attack Buddhism as a foreign religion

59
Q

persecution of Buddhism, 841-845

A
  • destruction of 44,600 monasteries and temples

- return of 260,000 monks and nuns as well as 150,000 to lay life and tax registers

60
Q

significance of the persecution of Buddhism

A

The persecution proved a crippling blow to Buddhism. More important, it paved the way for China’s ideological and religious re-centralization

61
Q

Buddhism remains an important feature of China’s religious, spiritual, and physical landscape.

A

Ex) Built during 1997-2008 the Buddha statue is the tallest structure in the world

62
Q

Defining characteristics of Chinese civilization

A
  • absolute monarchy
  • a centralized bureaucratic system of government
  • a governing elite consisting of SHIDAFU (scholar officials
  • a civil service examination system
  • the dominance of Neo- Confucianism
63
Q

Strictly speaking, all the defining characteristics of the traditional Chinese civilization took their final form during….

A

The SONG dynasty (960-1279)

64
Q

How was the Song dynasty founded

A
  • it resulted from a mutiny at Chen Bridge 960
  • reports of imminent nomadic invasion
  • Song Taizu to head an expeditionary force
65
Q

Song Taizu and his successors expanded an existing…

A

Civil service examination system, which the Sui dynasty had established in 581

66
Q

civil service examination system

A

It was a system of official examinations and recruitment. Here the term civil service refers to China’s traditional administrative bureaucracy. Since members of this administrative bureaucracy were selected by competitive examinations, the civil service examinations served as a basic mechanism for selecting and recruiting officials.

67
Q

The civil service examinations originated in the

A

Han dynasty (206bc- 220ce)

68
Q

during this period of disunion (220-581ce) Buddhism became China’s dominant religion and Confucianism were discredited. Correspondingly a new system of recommendations called

A

The NINE RANK system replaced examinations as the basis for office holding

69
Q

Under the nine rank system

A

a leading member of the local aristocracy classified candidates for office into nine ranks according to family background, character, and ability

70
Q

The Sui dynasty (581-617 ce) formally established a

A

civil service examination system

71
Q

Under the tang dynasty (618-906ce) 15% of government officials came from

A

successful examination candidates

72
Q

The examination structure, 1368-1905

A
  • Qualifying exams- XIUCAI (“received talent”) (B.A)
  • second level exams- JUREN (“elevated man”) (M.A)
  • Third level exams- JINSHI (“presented scholar”) (PHD)
    - Entry level positions for JINSHI- county magistrate
73
Q

classical Confucianism—>

A

Neo Confucianism

74
Q

Neo- Confucianism

A

Neo- Confucian scholars offered a radically new cosmological framework for traditional Confucian ideas by developing concepts such as LI (PRINCIPLE) and QI (MATERIAL FORCE)

75
Q

Incorporation/ Appropriation led to the combination of three teachings

A

Confucius, Buddha, and Laozi ( the founder of Daoism)

THE THREE TEACHINGS ARE ONE

76
Q

ZHU XI 1130-1200 from Fujian

A

taught in a stone cave

Taught: LI and QI

77
Q

Li

A

within the universe: universal principle

-within human society: Moral principle and potentially good human nature

78
Q

Qi

A

Within the universe: Material force

-within human society: organization of human society. Human relations and Confucian classics

79
Q

Dependent on each other

A

qi= car
Li= engine
To answer the investigation of things

80
Q

The four books

A

Four ancient Confucian texts with Zhu Xi’s interpretive commentaries. The texts were used as official subject matter for civil service exams in china from 131 to 1905 and serve to introduce Chinese students to Confucian literature

81
Q

The development of scholasticism by Thomas Aquinas and the emergence of Neo- Confucianism by Zhu Xi reveal

A

a much larger and common pattern of cultural and religious change, as both scholars responded to challenge in the same manner by incorporating and appropriating ideas/ concepts from the other school/ system of thought

82
Q

Zhu Xi’s commentaries on Confucian classics

A

the four books became required readings for all civil service examinations candidates after 1313

83
Q

The mongol Yuan Dynasty 1279-1367

A

Genghis Khan

84
Q

Genghis Khan 1162-1227

A
  • Initiated conquest

- ger- Homes Nomadic people live in

85
Q

Kublai

A

became the great Khan in 1260. Kublai khan completed the conquest o china in 1279, founding the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368)

86
Q

Expelling the Mongols and founding the Ming dynasty (Ming Taizu-founding emperor)

A

• Capital city in Nanjing

87
Q

Consequence of Mongol rule: The case of The Great Wall of China

A
  • Moved the capital to Beijing to keep a closer eye on the Mongols
  • The great Wall of China was a Ming- Dynasty project and designed to prevent invasion by the Mongols and other nomadic people
  • The warring states period, 400-220 BC
88
Q

Potential for radical change: The case of Zheng He’s Seven Voyages, 1405-1433

A

• Admiral Zheng He, 1371-1435 : led naval expeditions

89
Q

• Essential information for 1st voyage, 1405

A
  • 62 ships with an average of 3,000 tons each
  • a staff consisting of 70 eunuchs, 180 medical personal, and 5 astrologers
  • 300 military officers with 27,800 soldiers
90
Q

• Analysis of Zheng He’s voyages,1405-1433

A
  • They were not voyages of exploration in the Columbian sense
  • They were political and diplomatic in nature; not commercial or colonizing ventures
  • They demonstrated China’s potential to develop maritime trade and become a maritime power
  • They represented a deviation/ aberration from the established pattern of a fundamentally agricultural civilization. They failed to realize the potential for china to lead geographical exploration and the creation of commercial and trading empires
91
Q

Potential for Radical Change: the Case of Matteo Ricci, 1552 - 1610

A
  • Matteo Ricci goal to connect China to Christianity, member of the Jesus society (was a Jesuit)
  • He brought mechanical clocks to China - Spring Driven Mechanical Clock first appeared in Italy in the 13th Century
92
Q

Exclusivity of Christianity:

A

The belief that Christianity is the only true religion and that all other belief systems are fallacious creeds.

93
Q

Jesuit Contribution to Global Transmission of Confucian Knowledge

A
  • The Jesuits were very active in transmitting Confucian knowledge to Europe. Confucius works we’re translated into European languages by Jesuit scholars stationed in China. Matteo Ricci reported on the thoughts of Confucius & Propero Intorcetta published the life and works of Confucius in Latin in 1678.
  • As a result of global transmission of Confucian knowledge Chinese terms Kongzi and Mengzi are spelled as Confucius and Mencius, respectively. To out it differntly, the mane ‘Confucius” and “Mencius” came from Jesuit missionaries; they are a Latinization of these Chinese names.
94
Q

Chinese World Order under the Manchu Qing Dynasty, 1644 - 1750

A
  • Established the Qing dynasty in 1636 and completed their conquest of China in 1644
  • 1644 is the founding year of the dynasty
  • Qing means pure or simple
95
Q

Manchus’ Cultural and Institutional Assimilation

A
  • The Manchus adopted confucianism as the state ideology
  • basically the Manchus at first had their own cultural identity but they assimilate to traditional Chinese culture and now there is no way to tell the difference
96
Q
  • What explains the CSES’s Significance?
A

o The CSES allowed upward social mobility by creating a mechanism that is radically different from one developed in India and Europe
o The examination system created a new governing elite called shidafu who achieved elite status because of their success in the competitive examinations
o It freed the Chinese emperor from the dependence on the aristocracy and conferred the emperor the power to elevate those of modest social origins
* A result of the system’s expansion, the Chinese aristocracy disappeared from the political scene beginning with the Song dynasty

97
Q
  • Chinese scholar-officials became known to the West as Mandarins in reference to
A

dialect of Chinese they spoke

98
Q
  • In the absence of the CSES,
A

high ranking officials were recruited from members of the aristocracy through a system of recommendation

99
Q

o Beginning with the Song dynasty, the Chinese aristocracy disappeared from the political scene

A

Their disappearance removed a major obstacle from the establishment of a truly centralized bureaucratic system of government

100
Q

o As a result, the examination-produced shidafu replaced the aristocracy as the new governing elite

A

A fact that reveals radically different patterns of political and institutional development at both ends of Eurasia

101
Q
  • The absence/lac of modern civil rights and liberties in the Chinse Civilization can be explained by the
A

absence/lack of conflict/rivalry between the monarchy and nobility since the founding of the Song Dynasty (960)

102
Q

o Metaphysic

A
  • An underlying philosophical or theoretical principle
103
Q

o Cosmology

A

A specific theory or model of the physical universe and the dynamics of the physical universe

104
Q
  • Result of the challenges presented by Buddhism and Daoism:
A

o As Native Chinese religion, Song Confucianism strengthened itself by incorporating and appropriating the cosmological and metaphysical conceptions of Buddhism and Daoism
* Thereby creating a radically new cosmological and metaphysical framework for traditional Confucian ideas

History With Bian (5 decks)

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