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Phyiso > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

TF - motor neruon would be an example of a sensor in homeostatic feedback loop

A

False detects nothing

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2
Q

Tf the process be which cells secrete cellular products into the ec environment is call exocytosis

A

True

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3
Q

TF osmotic pressure is a measure of the force needed to stop osmosis

A

True

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4
Q

TF nodes of ranvier are arenas of the neutron covered with myelin sheath

A

False they are uncovered parts

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5
Q

TF homeostasis is best described as a static unchanging state of internal environment

A

False it is dynamically seeking equilibrium

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6
Q

The charge difference accross a membrane produces the memmbrane potential

A

True

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7
Q

an inactivated ion channel will respond to a strong stimulus

A

False needs to relax first

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8
Q

TF both depolarization and repolarization are produced by the diffusion of ions down their concentration gradient

A

True

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9
Q

TFConduction without decrement means that action potential transmitted down an axon will not decrease in amplitude

A

True

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10
Q

TF positive feedback usually results in a positive or favorable outcome

A

False it is a viscious cycle

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11
Q

Solute that cannot freely pass through a membrane are said to be

A

Osmotically active

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12
Q

The minimum depolarization needed to open Na gates is called

A

Threshold

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13
Q

As the intensity of a stimulus increases, more axons will become activated. This is callled

A

Recruitment

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14
Q

An integrating center sends info to an

A

Effector

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15
Q

The membrane of resting nerve cells is more permeable to blank ions than blank ions

A

Potassium

Sodium

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16
Q

The rate of diffusion is influenced by

A

The concentration gradient
Membrane permeablilty
Membrane surface area

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17
Q

Ion channels that open in response to depolarization are called

A

Voltage gated ions

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18
Q

The mechanism that allows many Na ions to move into an axon is

A

Positive feedback becasue they increase charge and the higher the charge the more can come in until max

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19
Q

The period of time when Na channels are recovering from their inactive state and k channels are still open

A

Repolarization and relative refractory period

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20
Q

Blank transport does not require membrane proteins

A

Simple diffusion

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21
Q

Name all transport proteins that play a role in the maintenance of resting membrane potential and the generation of An action potential

A

Voltage gated
Na channel
K channel
Sodium potassium pump

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22
Q

Define homeostasis

A

A state of dynamic equilibrium in which the body is constantly fluctuating to stay in balance

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23
Q

What are the components of a feedback loop and their roles in blood pressure

A

The sensor - blood vessels
Integrating sensor - brain
Effector - heart which beats slower for high BP and faster for low BP

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24
Q

What molecules it the plasma membrane made of and why is it special about its arrangement

A

Phospholipid bilayer is amphiphilic becasue hydrophillic heads out on both side and hydrophobic tails pointed towards each other

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25
Q

Outiine the stages of action potential conduction from hillock to terminal

A

Threshold stimulus 55
Depolarization with open Na channels in
Until 35
Repolarization K opens Na innactivates k goes out
Goes below resting membrane potential causing hyperpolarization
Fixed by sodium-potassium pump
Spike acts as threshold for next part and repeats down axon
Doesn’t go backwards because of absolute refractory period not allowing na channels to reopen

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26
Q

Main factors of equilibrium potential based on Goldman eq

A

Concentration gradient and specific membrane permeability

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27
Q

Primary vs secondary active transport

A

Primary - like sodium potassium pump directly uses energy to pump Na out (and K in)
Secondary - is like sodium glucose co transport becasue Na is diffusing back into cell along concenttration and glucose sneaks in too but energy is indirectly from primary

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28
Q

Define refractory period

A

A neurons has already been stimulated and cannot be stimulated again

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29
Q

What stages are the types of refractory

Significance?

A

Absolute is during depolarization and repolarization and no matter the stimulus its not happening
Relative is during hyperpolarization and an extra strong stimulus could do the trick
Significant because it gives direction to action potential

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30
Q

What would happen to membrane potential if the plasma memmbrane was fully and only permeable to k or na

A

K - the bulk of K would diffuse out of the cell causing a drop in MP

Na - the bulk would go in and rise MP

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31
Q

What is the role of sodium potassium pump in neurons

A

Maintain na and k levels for RMP and especially to bring to normal after hyperpolarization

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32
Q

TF - postsynaptic inhibition is caused by neurotransmitters that produce hyperpolarization

A

T

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33
Q

TF A lack of extracellular Ca would cause increased release of neurotransmitters

A

False because ca needs to be outside to come in and release NT

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34
Q

TF summation occurs in a muscle cell when stimulus frequency increases to produce a greater force of contraction

A

True

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35
Q

TF fatigue appears to occur due to reduced ability of sacroplamsic reticulum to release Ca with neural stimulation

A

T

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36
Q

TF neurotransmitters are relases at neuromuscular junctions to smooth muscle cells

A

F thats for skeletal

Smooth would be gap junction stuff

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37
Q

TF fast twitch fibers have the greatest resistance to fatige

A

False they have the worst

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38
Q

TF in cardiac muscle, calcium ions are released from sarcoplasmic reticulum due to direct interaction with the voltage gated ca channels

A

F i guess cause of pacemaker?

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39
Q

TF the ventricles completely empty when they contract in systole

A

False - leave behind like a third

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40
Q

TF as cardiac muscle is stretched, it contracts less forcibly

A

False it gets stronger

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41
Q

TF preload is the amount of blood in the ventricles right before they begin to contract

A

True

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42
Q

TF once an EPSP is generated on a postsynaptic neuron dendrite, it alsawys results in an action potential

A

False becasue it may be too weak at end

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43
Q

TF an EPSP is conducted decremetnatllly to teh axon hillock

A

True

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44
Q

TF - an inhibitory postsynaptic potential would be produced by a neurotransmitter opening K channels

A

True

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45
Q

TF - fibers with large diameter conduct faster than smal fibers due to lower resistance offered to the spread of electrical charge

A

T

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46
Q

Where does teh Ca required for skeletal muscle contraction come from

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

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47
Q

Does the energized myosin head bind to troponin

A

No

48
Q

What does ACh do

A

Produces EPSP at NMJ
Mediates its actions thru nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
Muscarinn receptors mediate their action through G proteins

49
Q

Joint stabilization by muscles and postural muscles usually employ blank contractions

A

Isometric - tension but no contraction

50
Q

Characteristics of slow/oxidative type I red fibers

A

Small diameter
High resistance to fatigue
Slow twitch rate
Little myosin atpase present

51
Q

Characteristics of single - unit smooth muscle

A

Pace maker activity
Myogentic response to stretch
ACh binds to muscarinic receptors and closes K channels
Not alll cells receive autonomic stimulation

52
Q

The action potential of cardiac pacemaker cells is caused by

A

Inward diffusion of Ca 2

53
Q

Stroke volume is inversely proportional to

A

Total peripheral resistance

54
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of the heart will

A

Increase rate of diastolic depolarization
Increase conduction rate
Increase strenght of contraction
All cuz fight of flight

55
Q

What are teh components of the thin filaments including regularity proteins and functions

A

2 intertwined strands of actin with G-actin subunits
On that there is a strand of tropomyosin covering the myosin binding sites
On that there is troponin which is to bind to calcium to start contraction by producing conformational change of tropomyosin so mysin can bind

56
Q

Name the types of synapse based on conductionmech
Which. Is in skeletal muscle fiber
And explain how action potentail to skeletal muscle results in post synaptic potential

A

Electrical and chemical
Chemical is skeletal muscle fibers
At the NMJ on pre synaptic side the AP reaches the synaptic bulb letting calcium in
Ca releases ACh into synaptic cleft
On post synaptic code ACh binds to receptors like the nicotinic receptor
Na/K channels now open but na comes in more rapidly starting a potential

57
Q

Motor unit and examples of small and large

A

MU - a single somatic motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates
Large - for stronger less precise like leg
Small - weaker more precise like fingers

58
Q

Factors for smooth muscle contraction

A

Nervous control - autonomic
Hormonal
Physical
Local tissue factors

59
Q

Nervous control of smooth

A

para (ACh)

-sympathetic (epinephrine and norepinephrin

60
Q

Hormonal control of smooth

A 
Angiotensin
Vasopressin
Oxytocin
Serotonin
Histamine
61
Q

Physical and local tissue factors for smooth

A 
Stretch
O2 
CO2 
pH
 lactic acid 
Temp
62
Q

Major difference between skeletal and cardiac and why

A

Skeletal have NMJ and motor units for different strength levels
Cardiac contracts all at once so needs gap junctions.

63
Q

Where is pacemaker potential generated in heart and how

A

In the SV node
Ca in dep
K out for rep
HCN channels open for hyperpolarization to let Na in to restart depolarization

64
Q

Sympathetic nerve activity affects on cardiac rate and stroke volume

A

Increases cardiac output by increasing cardiac rate and stroke volume by making more Ca available for dep

65
Q

Parasympathetic effect on cardiac rate and stroke volume

A

Reduces heart rate but doesn’t effect stroke volume

66
Q

During what phase of the cardiac cycle does the aortic semilunar vale open and why

A

During systole becasue pressure is higher in the ventricle from contraction than in aorta so the valve opens for blood to leave

67
Q

Frank starling law

A

A greater end diastolic volume means a greater stroke volume because 60% of any capacity leaves during systole

68
Q

Increased venous return effect on cardiac output

A

More blood in, greater stroke volume, greater cardiac output
Thanks FS

69
Q

Based on sliding filament theory, why is there an optimal resting length for greatest muscle contraction

A

Too short - thick filaments are too close to z-discs
Too stretched- week contraction
Optimal length is 2-2.25um

70
Q

What is the physiological significance for long refractory period that coincides with most of the cardiac muscle contraction period

A

Prevents summation and/or tetanus in the heart for maintained rythm without fatigue

71
Q

TF - an increased GFR leads to an increase in urine production

A

T

72
Q

TF - hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries causes fluid to move out into the tissue

A

T

73
Q

TF - all the fluid that leaves teh capillaries at the arterial end returns to the capillaries at the venous end

A

False not all comes back, extra goes to lymph

74
Q

TF. Mesangial cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are part of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

A

T

75
Q

TF blood flow rate increases with increased peripheral resistance

A

Obv slows down

76
Q

TF - sympathetic stimulation causes reduced blood flow to the viscera and skin

A

True cuz fight or flight

77
Q

TF. The conduction zone of the respiratory system warms hudifies filters and cleans air

A

True

78
Q

TF intrapulmonary pressure increases as diaphram contracts

A

False it deacreases

79
Q

TF - increase in temperature will shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the right

A

True

80
Q

TF AntiDieuretic hormone causes decreased water retention by the kidneys

A

False it retains water

That’s like the whole

81
Q

What causes edema

A

Venous obstruction
High arterial blood pressure
Obstruction of lymphatic drainage

82
Q

What is atrial natriuretic peptide

A

The antagonist of. Aldosterone

83
Q

What is nitric oxide

A

It is a paracrine regulator of the blood flow

84
Q

Who’s law explains pulmonary ventilation

A

Boyle

85
Q

Which blood vessels have the highest total cross sectional area

A

Capillaries

86
Q

Relation of amount of gas dissolved and its partial pressure

A

Directly proportional more is more

87
Q

What is the normal value of arterial percent hemoglobin saturation

A

97%

88
Q

The blank nephrons play an important role in producing concentrated ruin

A

Juxtamedullary

89
Q

The ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively constant GFR despite fluctuation BP is called

A

Renal autoregulation

90
Q

The return of molecues from the tubules is called

A

Reabsorption

91
Q

Net filtration period

A

At the arterial end of caps
Movement of fluid out
Higher hydrostatic pressure in caps than in tissue

92
Q

Net reabsorption pressure

A

At venous end of caps
Fluid into caps
Colloid osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure of the tissue is now higher than hydrostatic pressure of blood vessel

93
Q

2 major determinants of rate of blood flow to various organs

A

Blood pressure and resistance

94
Q

According to poiseuille, what single factor effects blood flow to an organ the most

A

Radius becasue flow is porportional to fourth power of radius

95
Q

Way of regulating blood volume

A

Osmoreceptors
Kidneys
Sympathetic
Hormones

96
Q

Sequence to restore fluid from after dehydration

A

Dehydrate -> low BV -> increased osmolaritey -> effects osmoreceptors in hypothalamus -> increased ADH secretion and thirst -> increased fluid reabsorbtion and intake -> fluid levels come back

97
Q

Extrinsic regulators of blood to tissue

A

Sympathetic - adrenergic and cholinergic
Parasympathetic
Angiotensin

98
Q

Intrinsic regulators of blood flow to a tissue

A

Myogenic ??

Metabolic

99
Q

Acute local control of blood flow?

A 
Causes an increase in blood flow when
Decreased O2
increased CO2
Decreaesed pH 
Increased adenosine and K+
100
Q

Drop in blood pressure at arterioles

A

Increased peripheral resistance from vasoconstriction

101
Q

Drop in blood pressure at cappillaries

A

Cappillary bed has large cross sectional area

102
Q

Describe inspiration wth Boyle’s law

A

Diaphragm contracts intrapulmonary volume rises and pressure drops air in in that order i guess

103
Q

Describe exhalation with Boyle

A

Diaphragm relaxes, volume decreases, pressure increases air out

104
Q

Henry’s law

A

Partial pressure of respiratory gasses determines movement accross membrane into obllood
Like a higher pO2 in alveoli than blood goes into blood
And lower pCO2 in alveoli than blood goes into alveoli

105
Q

What is the major form in which oxygen is transported in the blood

A

Oxyhemoglobin

106
Q

Factors that determine amount of oxygen delivered to the tissues

A

PH
Temp
2,3 BPG
Partial pressure

107
Q

Revers chloride shift

Where and how

A

In pulmonary capillaries
When there is high PO2, Hb has greater affinity for O2 than H+ favoring production of oxy-hemoglobin
Then H+ dissociates from oHb and recognizes with bicarbonate to form carbonic acid
Bicarbonate ion enters RBC while chloride diffuse out

108
Q

Significance of H+ binding to Hb in tissue

A

Lowers Hb affinity for O2 so it dissociates into tissue

109
Q

Significance of H+ binding to Hb in lungs

A

More H+ binds to Hb helping it transport CO2 to lungs
So CO2 transport enhances oxygen dissociation
Then o2 is released which improves Co2 transport

110
Q

Define glomerular filtration rate

A

Rate of filtrate leaving the blood into the nephrons of a kidney

111
Q

Daily GFR of healthy adult

A

180L

112
Q

Why is GFR high even though there is 3 layers

A

Have fenestrae making it porous to liquid an d small salutes, but not proteins

113
Q

Two factors that regulate the GFR

A

Sympathetic and renal autoregulation

114
Q

Systole

A

Ventricle contractions

115
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of ventricles

Phyiso (2 decks)

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