final

Question 1

Know the general innate defenses for each organ system (physical and chemical barriers and if there is a normal microflora/microbiota) Remember that the slide is wrong where it says that lysozymes inhibit cell walls. Lysozymes actually break down cell walls.

Answer 1

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Question 2

Know the diseases/infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes-necrotizing fasciitis

Answer 2

ear infections (Otitis externa, Otitis media (OME)), strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis)

Question 3

Know all terms like exanthema, enanthem pyogenic, erythrogenic, bacteremia, tubercles, mucociliary escalator, granulomas, endocarditis, myocarditis, etc.

Answer 3

j

Question 4

Rhinovirus

Answer 4

has over 100 strains and causes the common cold transmitted on fomites and by respiratory secretions and leads to secondary infections

Question 5

RSV

Answer 5

the most common and costly lower respiratory tract infection in children under 1 causing a viral pneumonia, wheezing, is spread on fomites etc

Question 6

Influenza

Answer 6

Causative agent: orthomyxovirus
-Virus
Type A- epidemics and pandemics in birds and mammals, most cases
Type B- slow mutation, epidemics limited geographically, only in humans
Type C –isolated cases, no neuraminidase
Organ/System: respiratory, cilia are destroyed
Symptoms : fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, weakness, cough
Method of Transmission: respiratory droplets, indirect contact with secretions
Treatment: antivirals block replication, vaccine (can increase diversity of antibodies
Complications: loss of mucociliary escalator can cause fluid in lungs, secondary bacterial infection, death
Hemagglutinin on envelope attaches to RBC and other host epithelial cells, Neuraminidase helps penetrate mucus protecting resp epithelium
Antigenic variation-mutations affect antigens

Question 7

Know Otitis media (middle ear infection) transmission and anatomy that makes children more susceptible

Answer 7

• Causative agent: (OM)-Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, various anaerobes cause chronic infection //(OE)-Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (swimmer’s ear) or a fungus
  - Bacteria
• Organ/System: middle ear (otitis media), external ear (otitis externa)
• Symptoms: otitis media: pus-like exudate (otitis media with effusion-OME), fever, ear ache, some asymptomatic //otitis externa: pain, itching
• Method of Transmission: OM-passage of organisms from pharynx via Eustachian tube, more common in children due to anatomy of Eustachian tube //OE- swimming, constant wet ears, chlorine alters pH, removal of protective skin and wax with cotton swabs
• Treatment: OM-antibiotics, tubes //OE-keep ears dry, antibiotic drops

Question 8

Know everything about Strep throat including complications (rheumatic fever and glomeruolonephritis)

Answer 8

• Causative agent: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A beta-hemolytic)
  - Bacteria
• Organ/System: throat (more common in children 5-15)
• Symptoms: adenoids and lymph nodes swell, sore throat, white, pus-filled lesions, chills, high fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, no cough or nasal discharge
• Method of Transmission: highly contagious, inhale droplet nuclei, carriers, contaminated food, and drink
• Treatment: antibiotics
• Complications: rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis

Question 9

Know Diptheria especially the symptoms (pseudomembrane), treatment and complications. For instance, you would administer an antitoxin and antibiotic combination and there is a vaccine for it

Answer 9

• Symptoms: sore throat, low fever, toxin inhibits protein synthesis causing cell death, pseudomembrane in throat
• Treatment: antitoxin, antibiotic combo, prevent with DTaP vaccine (childhood and every 10 years)
• Complications: death by suffocation (30-50%) due to blockage by pseudomembrane, cardiac manifestations, neurological symptoms

Question 10

Know Whooping Cough agent and stages (Catarrhal, Paroxysmal, Convalescent) and treatment and complications

Answer 10

-Causative agent: Bordetella pertussis
-Bacteria with endotoxin, exotoxin, hemagglutinins
-Organ/System: cilia of respiratory tract
-Symptoms: Catarrhal stage-fever, sneezing, mild, dry persistent cough
Paroxysmal (intensifying) stage-mucus and bacteria in airway immobilize cilia, violent coughing, cyanosis ropelike mucus, whooping sound as straining to draw air, coughing can cause exhaustion, hemorrhage, convulsions, rib fractures, vomiting
-Convalescent stage- mild coughing
-Method of Transmission: respiratory droplets, highly contagious, more virulent in other countries
-Treatment: vaccination (DTaP ) every 5-10 years, antitoxin and antibiotic, electrolyte replacement, rehydration, oxygen therapy, suctioning
-Complications: death in infants with occluded airway or dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, secondary infections

Question 11

Know Influenza -Hemagglutinins allow the virus to attach to host cells (adsorption stage of viral replication). Neuraminidase helps the virus get through the thick mucus layer to the epithelial cells. Antigenic shift

Answer 11

-Causative agent: orthomyxovirus
-Virus
Type A- epidemics and pandemics in birds and mammals, most cases
Type B- slow mutation, epidemics limited geographically, only in humans
Type C –isolated cases, no neuraminidase
-Organ/System: respiratory, cilia are destroyed
-Symptoms : fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, weakness, cough
-Method of Transmission: respiratory droplets, indirect contact with secretions
-Treatment: antivirals block replication, vaccine (can increase diversity of antibodies
-Complications: loss of mucociliary escalator can cause fluid in lungs, secondary bacterial infection, death
-Hemagglutinin on envelope attaches to RBC and other host epithelial cells, Neuraminidase helps penetrate mucus protecting resp epithelium
-Antigenic variation-mutations affect antigens

Question 12

Mycoplasms

Answer 12

are tiny, slow growing, and do not have a cell wall so can’t be treated with penicillin. Examples are organisms that cause walking pneumonia also affect lower respiratory tract

Question 13

TB

Answer 13

replicates in phagocytes, can live outside the body for a long time and has tubercles with dead and tissue, live mycobacterium and calcification that can be seen on a chest Xray. Treatement with antibiotics can last for years. It disseminates (spreads) to other organs and bone

Question 14

Know Pneumonia.

Answer 14

• Causative agent: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  - Bacteria, also viral, fungal, chemical, protozoal
• Organ/System: Lobar, pleura (pleurisy), bronchial
• Symptoms: chills, very high fever (106), chest pain, cough, blood or pus in sputum, fibrin deposits in lobar block air spaces
• Method of Transmission: respiratory droplets, carriers, predisposed include elderly, chilling, drug, alcohol, smoking, other diseases, nosocomial
• Treatment: antibiotics, vaccine Pneumovax

Question 15

Typhoid fever

Answer 15

caused by Salmonella typhi and causes rose spots on trunk with NO diarrhea, has a carrier state (usually in gall bladder)

Question 16

Septicemia

Answer 16

leads to shock and lymphangitis. It is usually caused by gram negative organisms so antibiotics can release more endotoxin if they are bacteriocidal instead of bacteriostatic

Question 17

Plague (syvanic vs. urban)

Answer 17

kills phagocytes and causes buboes and black skin and can become septicemic or pheumonic plague. It is carried by a flea, which infect humans and other animals, especially rodents

Question 18

Strep Throat

Answer 18

bacterial streptococcal pharyngitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and can lead to rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis

Question 19

Rheumatic Fever

Answer 19

is a complication of other Streptococcus pyogenes infections because heart cell antigens resemble streptococcal antigens, so your own immune system attacks and damages the heart and heart valves. This can lead to bacterial endocarditis-inflammation of the lining and valves of the heart

Question 20

Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)

Answer 20

is caused by a deer tick bite and a symptom in half of the patients is a bull’s eye rash. It can lead to arthritis and nerve damage

Question 21

Epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii)

Answer 21

is caused by lice (body louse). Endemic typhus (Rickettsia typhi) is caused by fleas. Rickettsias are obligate intracellular parasites. Brill-Zinsser disease is where latent typhus (in lymph nodes) gets reactivated later

Question 22

Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)

Answer 22

causes petecial rash on palms and soles and limbs. It is transmitted by the dog tick and is most prevalent in the Appalachian mountains (south east)

Question 23

Malaria

Answer 23

is caused by the Plasmodium protozoan which infects red blood cells. It causes high intermittent fever, chills, sweating, jaundice, and is spread by mosquitoes. Dormant in liver, can be treated prophylactically, one copy of the sickle cell gene protects individuals from malaria

Question 24

EBV (infectious mononucleosis)

Answer 24

. It is a herpes virus latent in B cells. It causes extreme fatigue and sore throat with a gray coating on the tonsils. It transmitted through saliva (kissing disease). It can cause a cancer called Burkitt’s lymphoma and chronic fatigue syndrome.

Question 25

Toxoplasmosis

Answer 25

protozoan-Toxoplasma gondii, crosses the placenta acting as teratogen, transmitted in cat feces

Question 26

Which diseases are spread by mosquito?

Answer 26

Dengue, chikungunya, malaria

Question 27

cavities

Answer 27

Cavities (caries) are caused most often by Streptococcus mutans.

Question 28

Mumps

Answer 28

Mumps is a viral infection causing swelling of the parotid gland and testes (orchitis). There is a vaccine.

Question 29

food poisoning

Answer 29

Food poisoning is caused by preformed bacterial toxins in food causing vomiting and diarrhea with no fever. Causative agents are Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum- from honey or canned veggies, etc

Question 30

Salmonellosis

Answer 30

Salmonellosis causes diarrhea with blood and mucus.

Question 31

Typhoid fever

Answer 31

Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi and causes rose spots on trunk with NO diarrhea, has a carrier state (usually in gall bladder)

Question 32

Shigella (dysentery)

Answer 32

Know Shigella (dysentery) causes profuse diarrhea with blood and mucus and can cause death by dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

Question 33

Cholera

Answer 33

Cholera causes rice-water stools (clear stools with mucus plugs) and leads to severe dehydration and is caused by Vibrio cholera

Question 34

E. coli

Answer 34

E. coli O157:H7 causes bloody diarrhea

Question 35

Helicobacter pylori

Answer 35

Helicobacter pylori, a bacteria, causes peptic and duodenal ulcers and secretes ammonia which neutralizes stomach acid.

Question 36

Know all Hepatitis (A, B, C) methods of transmission and whether there is a vaccine. They all can cause jaundice. They are all viral, although different viruses cause each one

Answer 36

-Causative agent: Picornavirus (A), Hepadnavirus (B), Flavivirus, togavirus (C)
-Virus
-Organ/System: liver inflammation
-Symptoms: jaundice (yellow skin and whites of eyes) due to impaired liver function and increased bilirubin, dark urine, malaise, fever, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, clay-colored stool, lack of appetite, half of cases asymptomatic
-Method of Transmission: see table
-Treatment: vaccine for some (A and B), antivirals long term
Complications: cirrosis, liver cancer in some (B and C)

Question 37

Giardiasis

Answer 37

Giardiasis is caused by a protozoa and causes copious, frothy diarrhea and mucus in stool

Question 38

Rotavirus

Answer 38

• Causative agent: Reovirus
  - Viral enteritis
• Organ/System: gastrointestinal (enterotoxin)
• Symptoms: damages intestinal epithelium (osmotic) causing watery diarrhea, vomiting
• Method of Transmission: fecal-oral route, winter, nosocomial
• Treatment: vaccine, replace fluids and electrolytes, prevent with sanitary practices
• Complications: death by dehydration

Question 39

Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 39

Listeria monocytogenes causes Listeriosis and causes a meningitis that is worse in immunocompromised, elderly, pregnant and fetuses. It is food borne and found more in soft cheeses made with unpasteurized milk and cold cuts, lunch meat, hot dog. It grows well in a refrigerator’s cold environment. It causes miscarriage or neonatal death

Question 40

C. diff.

Answer 40

C. diff. causes severe diarrhea and is usually acquired in a hospital (nosocomial) and it may require a fecal transplant or bacterial transplant to restore the normal microbiota of the gut.

Question 41

Herpes simplex virus

Answer 41

• Causative agent: Herpes simplex 1 and 2
  - Viral (HSV-1-fever blister/ cold sore)and HSV-2-genital) latency in neural ganglia
• Organ/System: mucous membranes of mouth, urogenital tract, etc.
• Symptoms: can be asymptomatic for HSV shedders, painful vesicles on labia, vagina, cervix, penis, swollen lymph nodes, whitlow (lesion on finger)
• Method of Transmission: STD, oral sex (80% of adults worldwide harbor the virus but only a few have recurrent infections), reactivation spontaneous or by fever, UV radiation, stress, hormone imbalance, menstruation, impaired immunity, trauma, and lesions appear at original infection site (reactivated 1-7 times), can live for a short time in hot tubs
• Treatment: no cure, antivirals dec. recurrence and severity, C-section
• Complications: can spread to and kill cells in adrenal gland, liver, spleen, lungs, can lead to fatal encephalitis, HSV shedders pose threat to neonate, higher case of miscarriage, inc. risk of acquiring HIV when lesions are present, keritoconjunctivitis, disseminated infections in neonate (70%)

Question 42

Know AIDS-causative agent, treatment, post exposure prophylaxis, method of transmission, symptoms, infects T-cells and macrophages destroying immune system

Answer 42

• Causative agent: HIV-1 and HIV-2 -human immunodeficency virus
  - Viral (lentiviridae-retrovirus (high mutation rate))
• Organ/System: immune system, targets and damages T-helper cells, macrophages (reservoirs), dendritic cells and Langerhans cells
• Symptoms: initially- fever, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, body aches (flu-like), a variety of opportunistic infections and malignancies, commonly latent viruses activated, diarrhea, encephalitis, yeast, pneumonia, TB, Kaposi’s sarcoma, 88% die from opportunistic infection
• Method of Transmission: sexually transmitted, blood transfusions, breast milk, can be passed from mother to fetus in utero or during delivery, infected needles or instruments
• Treatment: AIDS cocktail- protease inhibitor, nucleotide analogues that inhibit reverse transcriptase reduces viral replication, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which consists of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to prevent the individual from acquiring HIV, prevention campaigns

Question 43

UTIs.

Answer 43

Causative agent: Escherichia coli (80%), Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae,

	- Bacteria (adhesin in E. coli) - Organ/System: urethritis (urethra), cystitis (bladder), urethrocystitis (urethra/bladder), prostatitis (prostate), pyelonephritis (kidney) - Symptoms: dysuria (pain/ burning on urination), urinalysis shows inc. organisms (nitrates)(except pylonephritis, prostatitis), frequent urination, nocturia in some,  fever, back pain in prostatitis - Method of Transmission: incomplete emptying of bladder (pregnancy, enlarged prostate, behavioral, anatomical, paralysis), cystitis more common in women (4cm) than men (20cm), ascend (more common), descend, abcessed tooth, poor hygiene (wiping back to front), nosocomial (catheter) - Treatment: antibiotic, good hygiene, frequent and complete emptying of bladder - Complications: can become chronic

Question 44

Vaginitis

Answer 44

Causative agent: Gardnerella vaginalis + anaerobes, Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans
-Bacteria, protozoan, fungi
•Organ/System: vagina (balantitis on penis)
•Symptoms: vaginal discharge, Gardnerella (frothy, fishy, “clue cells”), Trichomoniasis (copious white/ green frothy discharge, itching)
•Method of Transmission: opportunistic after normal microflora is disrupted, diabetes, pregnancy, BCP, , menopause, douching, tampons, synthetic undergarmets predispose individuals, sexual transmission for Trichomoniasis
•Treatment: antibiotic, antiprotozoal (Metronidazole), douch with yogurt or vinegar

Question 45

Know all of Syphilis, with progression and symptoms at each stage in order and congenital syphilis

Answer 45

-Causative agent: Treponema pallidum
-Bacteria spirochete
-Organ/System: urogenita, spreads
Symptoms:
incubation (2-6 wks) multiply, spread
Primary stage (3 weeks) inflam. response, chancre on genitals, cervix, hands, lips
Primary latent stage –no external sign, blood +, spreads in blood
Secondary stage (up to 5 yrs) highly contagious (kissing) copper color rash on palms and soles, pustular rashes, skin eruptions, lesions on cervix, lesions on tongue, cheek, gum
Secondary latent stage-blood +/-, crosses placenta
Tertiary stage –damage to various systems (CV, nervous), gummas (granulomatous inflammations)
-Method of Transmission: STD, body fluids (saliva), blood (killed by refrigeration)
-Treatment: antibiotics
-Complications: congenital –notched incisors, perforated palate, saber shins, aged face, saddle nose, nasal discharge

Question 46

Gonorrhea

Answer 46

• Causative agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  - Bacteria with attachment pili and endotoxin
• Organ/System: urogenital tract, can survive in phagocytes and multiply, 2nd most commonly reported notifiable disease, pharyngeal, anorectal, eyes
• Symptoms: some may not experience any symptoms (40% males, 60-80% females, pus dripping from urethra of males, cervical mucus and PID in females
• Method of Transmission: sexually, can survive several hours on fomites (laundry) and 6-7 weeks in pus, attachment pili attach it to sperm and epithelia of urinary tract, inc. chance of being infected with BCP due to altered vaginal conditions, IUDs increase chance of spread into fallopian tubes
• Treatment: antibiotic (resistant strains), drops in eyes of newborn
• Complications: can lead to bacteremia, endocarditis, skin lesions
• Sequelae: infertility if fallopian tubes are damage, arthritis, blindness

Question 47

Know glomerulonephritis

Answer 47

inflammation of the kidney

Question 48

genital warts

Answer 48

Know genital warts are human papillomavirus (HPV) and can cause cervical and other cancers

Question 49

vaginitis

Answer 49

vaginitis is associated with clue cells caused by Gardnerella vaginalis

Question 50

Candida albicans

Answer 50

Candida albicans causes yeast infections (candidiasis) that occurs due to microbiota imbalance, which can occur due to antibiotic use or changes in vaginal environment. It is opportunistic

Question 51

Toxoplasmosis, Listeriosis

Answer 51

Know Toxoplasmosis (protozoan-Toxoplasma gondii, crosses the placenta acting as teratogen, transmitted in cat feces) and Listeriosis (bacteria- Listeria monocytogenes causes meningitis in elderly or immunocompromises and can cross the placenta causing miscarriage, stillbirth or death of the newborn weeks after birth. It is transmitted in certain foods).

Question 52

Haemophilus influenza type B

Answer 52

Haemophilus influenza type B is the leading cause of mental retardation in the US and worldwide.

Question 53

Tetanus

Answer 53

Causative agent: Clostridium tetani
-Bacteria (obligate anaerobe, endospore forming, exotoxin)
•Organ/System: nervous system (exotoxin spreads)
•Symptoms: muscle stiffness, spasms in every muscle, arched back, clenched fists and jaws, spasms can break bones, paralyzed respiratory muscles and heart leading to death
•Method of Transmission: endospore resistant to drying, heat, disinfectants, in all soil especially if enriched with manure, microflora of horses (war), cattle and some humans, deep cuts and puncture wounds where oxygen is unavailable
•Treatment: prevent with vaccine every 10 years, antitoxin / antibiotics combo, immune serum, flush wound with blood

Question 54

Know everything about Rabies

Answer 54

Causative agent: rhabdovirus

	- viral - Organ/System: nervous, salivary glands, respiratory tract lining (replicates in injured tissues, then neurons migrating to spinal cord then to brain by the flow of cytoplasm through axons, average 20-60 day incubation) - Symptoms: time for appearance of symptoms is proportional to the distance between wound and brain, headache, fever, nausea, paralysis near bite, uncoordinated gait, hydrophobia (fear of water) due to throat muscle spasms, aerophobia (fear of moving air) due to hypersensitive skin, hypersensitivity to light, confusion, hyperactivity, hallucinations, urge to bite, coma, death - Method of Transmission:  feces, urine, saliva of infected animal, animal bite, bat guano, all mammals are possible reservoirs, U.S. wildlife rabies predominates (raccoon, skunk, bats (asymptomatic), coyotes, foxes) cats are the most common rabid domestic animals (re-emerging), - Treatment: no treatment (death occurs), hyperimmune serum at wound, postexposure vaccine due to long incubation period, vaccines, baited vaccines for wildlife

Question 55

What is a prion, which diseases are caused by a prion

Answer 55

prion- small proteinaceous infectious disease-causing agent that is believed to be the smallest infectious particle. A prion is neither bacterial nor fungal nor viral and contains no genetic material. Prions have been held responsible for a number of degenerative brain di

causes Toxoplasmosis, Naegleria meningoencephalitis

Question 56

Know bacterial meningitis. Viral meningitis is self-limiting and non-fatal.

Answer 56

-Causative agent: correlated with age of host
-Bacteria
-Organ/System: meninges
-Symptoms: severe headache, fever, chills, nuchal rigidity—stiffness of the neck preventing the patient from touching chin to chest.
necrosis, clogging blood vessels, pressure in skull from edema, dec. in CSF flow, impaired CNS function
-Method of Transmission: directly during surgery or tauma, spread via blood from other infections (pneumonia, otitis media, syphilis, TB, etc.)
-Treatment: antibiotics, vaccines, Vaccination against the three major bacterial pathogens has reduced rates of this deadly disease.
-Complications: seizures rarely, shock leading to death, fatal if untreated

Question 57

Know everything about polio-transmission, symptoms, prevention, sequelae

Answer 57

Causative agent: picornavirus
-virus
•Organ/System: nervous, motor neurons
•Symptoms: some mild and nonparalytic, fever, back pain, muscle spasms (1-2% reach CNS and partial or complete paralysis occurs)
•Method of Transmission: fecal-oral route, pharyngeal secretions, factors that increase severity are malnutrition, exhaustion, corticosteroids, radiation, pregnancy, although good sanitation can decrease natural immunity and thus causes disease in affluent young adults
•Treatment: vaccine (Salk, Sabin), closed schools, pools, etc, iron lung, almost eradicated
•Sequelae: postpolio syndrome- weakened or paralyzed muscles due to overuse of compensating muscles that now cannot function properly necessitating braces or crutches

Question 58

Pharyngitis

Answer 58

pharynx inflammation (sore throat)

Question 59

Laryngitis

Answer 59

larynx inflammation (hoarseness, loss of voice)

Question 60

antigenic drift and antigenic shift

Answer 60

Antigenic drift–mutation in genes that code for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase changing the configuration of antigen so that antibodies can’t recognize it causing an epidemic

Antigenic shift—gene reassortment from two different viruses that infected the same cell (bird + human infects swine). Large segments of genomes are exchanged sot that new strains are dramatically different antigenically. Antibodies no longer recognize new hemagglutinin causing a pandemic

Question 61

strep throat and complications of strep throat

Answer 61

Causative agent: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A beta-hemolytic)

	- Bacteria - Organ/System: throat (more common in children 5-15) - Symptoms: adenoids and lymph nodes swell, sore throat, white, pus-filled lesions, chills, high fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, no cough or nasal discharge - Method of Transmission:  highly contagious, inhale droplet nuclei, carriers, contaminated food, and drink - Treatment: antibiotics - Complications:  rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis

Question 62

scarlet fever

Answer 62

• Causative agent: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A beta-hemolytic)
  - Bacteria
• Organ/System: throat (more common in children 5-15)
• Symptoms: adenoids and lymph nodes swell, sore throat, white, pus-filled lesions, chills, high fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, no cough or nasal discharge
• Method of Transmission: highly contagious, inhale droplet nuclei, carriers, contaminated food, and drink
• Treatment: antibiotics
• Complications: rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis

Question 63

Chlamydia

Answer 63

• Causative agent: Chlamydia trachomatis
  - Bacteria (obligate intracellular parasite)
• Organ/System: genitourinary, eyes, chlamydial pneumonia in newborn, most commonly reported notifiable disease
• Symptoms: scanty, watery urethral discharge, tingling, asymptomatic for many women (75%) and 10% of men, PID in females
• Method of Transmission: STD, transmitted to eyes on hands, through infected birth canal
• Treatment: antibiotic for all partners, antibiotics in eyes of newborns
• Sequelae: sterility in males and females

Question 64

yeast infection

Answer 64

Causative agent: Candida albicans
-Fungal (yeast)
•Organ/System: mucous membranes of mouth (thrush), vagina (vaginitis), skin, nails
•Symptoms: itching and burning, thick white discharge
•Method of Transmission: opportunistic, when vaginal secretions have large amounts of sugar (pregnancy, BCP, diabetes, synthetic undergarmets), nosocomial, taking antibiotics for an extended period
•Treatment: antifungal, prevent debilitating conditions

Question 65

botulism

Answer 65

Causative agent: Clostridium Botulinum
-bacteria with bacteriophage (obligate anaerobic, endopore, exotoxin (gene from virus))
•Organ/System: nervous, neurotoxin is neuroparalytic
•Symptoms: double vision, difficulty speaking and swallowing, paralysis of all muscles, death from paralysis of respiratory muscles, muscles in relaxed state, may cause GI disturbances, infant botulism-”floppy baby”
•Method of Transmission: foodborne intoxication (90%) in improperly canned non-acid foods, infant-honey, wound-deep, crushing wound, found in most soils, heat resistant, freeze resistant, resistant to irradiation,
•Treatment: antitoxin and maintain respiration, antibiotic/antitoxin in infant, and wound botulism