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Sociology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of race

A

A group of people who share a set of characteristics, typically, but not always, physical one-and are said to share a common bloodline

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2
Q

Definition of ethnicity

A

One ethnic quality or affiliation. It is voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchical, fluid and multiple, and based on cultural differences not physical ones per se

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3
Q

Define nation

A

A large group or collective of people with common characteristics attributed to them-including language, traditions, customs, habits, and ethnicity

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4
Q

Social construction of race

A

Race is not biological, it is a social construct. There is no gene or cluster of genes common to any one race

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5
Q

Racism and science

A

19th century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations and classifications of race. Created line between physical and mental faculties, like skull structure

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6
Q

Individual racism

A

The beliefs, attitudes, and actions of individuals that support or perpetuate racism

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7
Q

Institutional racism

A

Racism expressed in the practice of social and political institutions

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8
Q

Cultural racism

A

Cultural assumptions, norms, concepts, habits, expectations,etc. That favor one race over other races

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9
Q

Strategic racism

A

The normalization and legitimization of an array of dynamics-historical, cultural, institutional and interpersonal-that advantage whites

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10
Q

Racism and the division of labor

A

Race is used as an excuse for racial minority exploitation and use in the working class

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11
Q

Supremacy/white privilege

A

Whites are often given privilege

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12
Q

Slavery and capitalism

A

Slaves were used because they were cheap sources of labor that could be exploited

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13
Q

Civil war/reconstruction

A

After the war, laws were passed to give people of color more rights but there were still a lot of conflicts unresolved

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14
Q

Conflict leasing

A

To make up for the loss of labor, black people were increasingly criminalized and because of a loophole in new laws, were basically put back into less restricted slavery

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15
Q

Racism and the law

A

Laws sometimes enforced racism

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16
Q

Black codes

A

Laws passed by southern states after the civil war that restricted African Americans freedom and compelled them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt

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17
Q

Jim Crow laws

A

Mandated segregation of public places for whites and blacks

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18
Q

Vagrancy laws

A

Laws that imprisoned people who were unemployed or were found without means of support

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19
Q

Debt peonage

A

Peonage is a system where an employer compels a worker to pay off a debt with work

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20
Q

Racial violence/white terrorism

A

Groups such as the KKK and other white supremacists participated in activities such as lynching

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21
Q

Red-lining

A

To refuse a loan to someone because they live in a area deemed to be a poor financial risk

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22
Q

Segregation

A

The enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or establishment

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23
Q

Mass incarceration

A

Substantial increase in the number of incarcerated people in U.S prisons over the past 40 years

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24
Q

Drug laws

A

Laws that prohibit the possession of drugs can lead to increases incarceration

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25
Q

Anti-racism

A

The policy or practice of opposing racism and promoting racial tolerance

26
Q

Civil right movement

A

1950’s and ’60s broke the pattern of segregation by race in the south and achieved breakthrough in equal-rights legislation for African Americans through nonviolent protest

27
Q

Immigration

A

The action of coming to live in a foreign country

28
Q

Emigration

A

The act of leaving ones country

29
Q

Segmented-labor market

A

A labor market is seen as segmented if it consists of various sub-groups with little or no crossover capacity

30
Q

Chain migration

A

The social process by which immigrants from a particular city or neighborhood follow others from that town to a particular city in a new country or new place in home country

31
Q

Brain drain

A

The emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country

32
Q

Brain waste

A

Migrants to foreign countries who take up unskilled jobs despite having professional qualifications

33
Q

Demand for immigrants

A

During times of economic expansion, the demand for immigrants increases. In recessions, the demand decreases and immigrants are left unemployed. Same during growing seasons

34
Q

Push and pull factors

A

Those factors which either forcefully push people into migration or attract them

35
Q

Push factors

A

Not enough jobs, few opportunities, desertification, famine/drought, political fear/persecution, loss of wealth, slavery, poor housing

36
Q

Pull factors

A

Job opportunities, better living conditions, political and/or religious freedom, education, medical care, security, family, industry

37
Q

Imperialism

A

A country extending its power by the acquisition of territories

38
Q

Free trade

A

International trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions

39
Q

Deportation

A

The act of deporting a foreigner from a country

40
Q

Private prisons

A

A place in which individuals are physically confined or incarcerated by a third party that is contracted by a government agency

41
Q

Functionalist perspective on education

A

Emphasis on positive aspects of schools such as socialization: the learning of skills and attitudes in school

42
Q

Conflict perspective on education

A

Sees purpose of education as maintaining social inequality and preserving the power of those who dominate society

43
Q

Educational inequality

A

The unequal distribution of academic resources including but not limited to: school funding, qualified teachers, books, and technologies, to socially excluded communities. These communities tend to be historically disadvantaged and oppressed

44
Q

Collective action

A

Action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation

45
Q

Convergence theory

A

Theory of collective action stating that collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place

46
Q

Contagion theory

A

Theory of collective action claiming that collective action arises from people’s tendency to conform to the behavior of others with while they are in close contact

47
Q

Emergent norm theory

A

Theory of collective action emphasizing the influence of keynoter in promoting new behavioral norms

48
Q

Value added theory

A

Explains how social movements increase in value in a series of progressive stages

49
Q

Social change

A

Refers to any significant alteration over time in behavioral patterns, cultural values, and norms

50
Q

Social movement

A

Collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized but not ritualized

51
Q

Alterative social movements

A

Social movements that seek the most limited societal change and often target a narrow group of people

52
Q

Redemptive social movements

A

Social movements that target specific groups but advocate for more radical change in behavior

53
Q

Reformative social movements

A

Social movements that advocate for limited social change across an entire society

54
Q

Revolutionary social movements

A

Social movement that advocate the radical reorganization of society

55
Q

Occupy Wall Street

A

A protest movement that began in 2011 that received global attention and spawned the movement against economic inequality worldwide

56
Q

Democracy at work

A

A non-profit that advocates for worker cooperatives and democratic workplaces as a key path to a stronger, democratic economic system

57
Q

Grassroots organization

A

A type of social movement organization that relies on high levels of community-based membership participation to promote social change. It lacks a hierarchical structure and works through existing political structures

58
Q

Racism and religion

A

Different religions can foster certain feelings towards races

59
Q

Racism and the economy

A

Race can play a factor in the jobs an individual can get. In addition, race is often used as a source of cheap labor

60
Q

The invention of whiteness

A

People in Virginia in the beginning of America began to give certain people rights and take rights from blacks to resolve issues of labor

61
Q

NAFTA and Mexico

A

Increased poverty

Sociology (2 decks)

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