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A&P > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Adult Spinal cord segments are at the length of

A

L1 and L2

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2
Q

Foramen magnum: spinal meninges are

A

continuous with the cranial meninges which surround the brain

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3
Q

Simple squamous covers

A

the inner surface of dura and outer surface of the arachnoid mater

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4
Q

Arachnoid mater extends inferiorly as far as the

A

Filum terminale and dorsal/ventral roots of the cauda equina lie within the fluid-filled subarachnoid space

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5
Q

Where is spinal tap withdrawn from

A

Fluid filled subarachnoid space

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6
Q

Denticulate ligaments prevent

A

lateral movements extending from pia mater

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7
Q

Gray mater is greatest in segments of SC dedicated to

A

sensory and motor control of limbs

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8
Q

Gray matter includes:

A

Cell bodies of neurons, neuroglia, and unmyelminated axons

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9
Q

White mater:

A

Large number of myelinated axons

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10
Q

Posterior Nuclei of gray matter

A

somatic and visceral motor

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11
Q

Lateral nuclei of gray matter

A

thoracic and lumbar segments visceral motor nuclei

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12
Q

Anterior nuclie of gray matter

A

somatic motor nuceli

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13
Q

gray commissure

A

where they have axons that cross from one side of the cord to the other

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14
Q

Columns

A

regions where white matter is organziaed, also contains tracts

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15
Q

what are tracts

A

a bundle of axons in CNS that is somewhat unifmorm in diameter myelination and propagation speed

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16
Q

Short tracts

A

carry sensory/motor signals between spinal cord segments

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17
Q

Longer tracts

A

connect spinal cord with the brain

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18
Q

Ascending

A

sensory toward brain

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19
Q

Decending

A

Motor commands to spinal cord

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20
Q

Epineurium

A

dense network of collagen fibers

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21
Q

Aters and veins branch within the

A

perineurim

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22
Q

Dermatome

A

is specific bilateral region of the skin surface montored bby a single pair of spinal nerves; gives some clues as to what is wrong

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23
Q

Only ventral rami form

A

the plexus

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24
Q

White ramus commuincans

A

carry visceral motor fibers to nearby sympahthetic ganglions

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25
Q

Where are White ramus commuincans found

A

between t1 and l2

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26
Q

Gray communicans innverate

A

glands and smooth muscles in body wall or limbs and contain postganglionic fibers associated with each spinal nerve

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27
Q

Interneurons

A

functional groups called neuronal pools

groups of interconnected neurons can contain either inhibitory or excitatory neurons

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28
Q

Divergence
what is it ?
and what is an example of it ?

A

Broad distribution of specific input

visual information for example; sensory neurons bringing info to the CNS

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29
Q

Convergence
synapse on a signle post synaptic neuron
can be subject to both conscious control

A

synapse on a signle post synaptic neuron

can be subject to both conscious control

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30
Q

Serial

A

Info relayed in a stepwise function; one neuron to antoehr/neuronal pool to another

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31
Q

Paraell

What must take place?

A

several nerons neuronal pools process the same information simultaneously

Divergence must take place before parallel processing can occur that is why many responses can ocur as a result

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32
Q

Reverberation

A

collateral branches of acons somewehre along the cicuit extend back toward source of impulse and further stimulate presynaptic neurons; positive feedback; until synaptic fatigue or inhibitory stimuli break the cycle

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33
Q

Receptor Reflex

A

Specialized cell/dendrites of sensory neuron

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34
Q

Sensory neuron activation

A

when dendrites are stretched there is a graded depolarization that leads to the fomation and propagation of action potentials along the axons of sensory neurons

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35
Q

Info processing in CNS

A

excitatory NT/molecules are released or inhibitory neurotransmiters

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36
Q

Motor neurons

A

carry action potentials into the peripery

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37
Q

response of effector

A

release of NT’s by the motor neurons at axon terminals leads to response by peripheral effector

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38
Q

Generally removes or opposes the original stimulus

A

example of negative feedback

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39
Q

Monosynaptic

Example

A

sensory neoron synapsing directly on motor neuron

Stretch reflex is an ex

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40
Q

Polysnaptic

A

withdrawal and crossed extensor reflex

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41
Q

polysnaptic is clasifed by

A

innate and acquired development
sucking v profesional skills
Nature of resulting motor response
somatic: superfical triggered by stimuli at skin/mucus membrane
visceral: autonomic reflexes control activity of other systems

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42
Q

What kind of neurons do monosympatic stimulate?

A

Stimulates activates a sesnory neuron and stimulates the motor neurons

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43
Q

What do muscle spindles contain

A

each contain a bundle of small skeletal muscle fibers called intrafusal muscle fibers

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44
Q

Muscle spindle is surrounded by larger…

A

by larger skeletal muscle fibers called extrafusal muscle fibers

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45
Q

Intrafusal is innervated by…
Motor neurosn are called:

Axons are called:

A

by both sensory and motor neurons

motor=gama motor neurons
axons of motor= gamma efferents

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46
Q

Postural Reflexes

A

Help us maintain a normal upright posture

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47
Q

Polysnaptic reflex

A

either EPSP or IPSP

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48
Q

What reflexes are Ipsilateral Reflexes

A

stretch, tendon, and withdrawl

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49
Q

What do Polysnaptic reflexes invovle?

A
  • Antagonized muscles/reflexes
  • reverberating circuits: Prolonged reflexive motor response
  • Pools of interneurons
  • Intersegmental in distribution
  • Reciperocal inhibition
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50
Q

· Facilitation

A

single EPSP can make neuron more sensitive to other excitatory stimuli;

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51
Q

· Reinforcement

A

Enhancement of spinal reflexes; Jendrassik maneuver: distractive technique; nerve scan can occur.

52
Q

· Descending fibers have an

A

inhibitory effect

53
Q

plantar reflex or Babinski sign (positive) -

A

disappears as descending motor pathways develop

54
Q

· areflexia:

A

Absence of reflexes.

55
Q

· Brown-Sequard syndrome:

A

Loss of sensation and motor function
· that results from unilateral spinal cord lesions. Proprioception

· loss and weakness occur ipsilateral to the lesion while pain and

· temperature loss occur contralateral.

56
Q

· equinovarus

A

The foot is plantar flexed, inverted, and adducted;

· also called talipes equinovalgus.

57
Q

· Erb’s palsy (Erb-Duchenne palsy):

A

Obstetric condition characterized

· by paralysis or weakness of a newborn’s upper arm muscles

· caused by a stretch injury to the brachial plexus.

58
Q

· hemiparesis:

A

Slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the

body.

59
Q

· Kernig’s sign:

A

Symptom of meningitis where patient cannot

· extend the leg at the knee due to stiffness in the hamstring muscles.

60
Q

· myelography:

A

A diagnostic procedure in which a radiopaque dye is

· introduced into the cerebrospinal fluid to obtain an x-ray image of the spinal cord and cauda equina.

· nerve conduction study: Test often performed along with electromyography

· (EMG); the test stimulates certain nerves and records

61
Q

spinal shock:

A

Term applied to all phenomena surrounding physiological
or anatomical transection of the spinal cord that results
in temporary loss or depression of all or most spinal reflex activity inferior to the level of the injury.

62
Q

tabes dorsalis:

A

Slow progressive degeneration of the myelin layer
of the sensory neurons of the spinal cord that occurs in the tertiary (third) phase of syphilis. Common signs and symptoms are pain, weakness, diminished reflexes, unsteady gait, and loss of coordination.

63
Q

1) In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as

A) nuclei.

B) ganglia.

C) columns.

D) nerves.

E) horns.

A

C) Columns

64
Q

2) Enlargements of the spinal cord occur

A

in those spinal segments that control the limbs.

65
Q

The ________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament.

A

B)

filum terminale

66
Q

The spinal cord consists of five regions and ________ segments.

A

D) 31

67
Q

The spinal cord continues to elongate until about age

A

C)4 years.

68
Q

The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the

A)

cranial meninges.

B)

cranial mater.

C)

spinal meninges.

D)

spinal mater.

E)

epidural membranes.

A

C)

spinal meninges.

69
Q

Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the

A

A) pia mater.

70
Q

8)

The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord are called

A)

wings.

B)

horns.

C)

pyramids.

D)

fibers.

E)

tracts.

A

B) Horns

71
Q

9)

Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the

A

9)

Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the

72
Q

10)

The white matter of the spinal cord contains

A)

bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions.

B)

bundles of dendrites with common origins, destinations, and functions.

C)

sensory and motor nuclei.

D)

both axons and dendrites.

E)

interneurons.

A

A)

bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions.

73
Q

11)

The outermost connective-tissue covering of nerves is the

A

D)

epineurium.

74
Q

13)

The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains

A)

axons of motor neurons.

B)

axons of sensory neurons.

C)

cell bodies of motor neurons.

D)

cell bodies of sensory neurons.

E)

interneurons.

A

B)

axons of sensory neurons.

75
Q

14)

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains

A)

axons of motor neurons.

B)

axons of sensory neurons.

C)

cell bodies of motor neurons.

D)

cell bodies of sensory neurons.

E)

interneurons.

A

A)

axons of motor neurons.

76
Q

Diff: 1

Skill:

Level 1 Questions: Reviewing Facts and Terms

15)

Spinal nerves are

A)

purely sensory.

B)

purely motor.

C)

both sensory and motor.

D)

interneuronal.

E)

involuntary.

A

both sensory and motor.

77
Q

A dorsal and ventral root of each spinal segment unite to form a

A)

cervical enlargement.

B)

lumbar enlargement.

C)

spinal nerve.

D)

spinal meninx.

E)

spinal ganglion.

A

C)

spinal nerve.

78
Q

17)

The preganglionic fibers that connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord form the

A)

white rami communicantes.

B)

gray rami communicantes.

C)

dorsal ramus.

D)

ventral ramus.

E)

dermatomes.

A

white rami communicantes.

79
Q

18)

The postganglionic fibers that connect an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic or lumbar region with the spinal nerve are

A)

white rami communicantes.

B)

gray rami communicantes.

C)

dorsal ramus.

D)

ventral ramus.

E)

dermatomes.

A

B)

gray rami communicantes.

80
Q

19)

Postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs do not rejoin the spinal nerve but form
A)

dorsal rami.

B)

ventral rami.

C)

white rami.

D)

gray rami.

E)

autonomic nerves.

A

E)

autonomic nerves.

81
Q

Which of the following associations is incorrect?

A)

8 cervical spinal nerves

B)

11 thoracic spinal nerves

C)

5 lumbar spinal nerves

D)

5 sacral spinal nerves

E)

1 coccygeal spinal nerve

A

B)

11 thoracic spinal nerves

82
Q

21)

The ________ of each spinal nerve innervates the skin and muscles of the back.

A)

white ramus communicantes

B)

gray ramus communicantes

C)

dorsal ramus

D)

ventral ramus

E)

dermatome

A

C)

dorsal ramus

83
Q

23)

Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the ________ muscles.

A)

shoulder

B)

intercostal

C)

abdominal

D)

leg

E)

facial

A

Leg

84
Q

24)

The ________ innervates the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs.

A)

white rami communicantes

B)

gray rami communicantes

C)

dorsal ramus

D)

ventral ramus

E)

dermatomes

A

D)

ventral ramus

85
Q

25)

The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the ventral rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n)

A)

dermatome.

B)

autonomic nerve.

C)

lateral nerve.

D)

tract.

E)

plexus.

A

E)

plexus.

86
Q

26)

Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus, except the ________ nerve.

A)

saphenous

B)

sciatic

C)

femoral

D)

obturator

E)

genitofemoral

A

B)

sciatic

87
Q

27)

The ________ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm.

A)

ansa cervicalis

B)

lesser occipital

C)

radial

D)

phrenic

E)

sciatic

Answer:

A

D)

phrenic

88
Q

28)

The ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the ________ plexus.

A)

cervical

B)

brachial

C)

lumbar

D)

sacral

E)

thoracic

A

B)

brachial

89
Q

29)

In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?

A)

cranial

B)

cervical

C)

brachial

D)

lumbar

E)

sacral

A

brachial

90
Q

30)

All of the following are true of neural reflexes, except that they

A)

are automatic motor responses.

B)

are the simplest form of behavior.

C)

help preserve homeostasis.

D)

cannot be modified by the brain.

E)

involve at least two neurons.

A

D)

cannot be modified by the brain.

91
Q

31)

Reflexes can be classified according to all of the following, except

A)

their development.

B)

where information processing occurs.

C)

the motor response.

D)

the complexity of the neural circuit.

E)

whether they are sensory or motor.

A

whether they are sensory or motor.

92
Q

32)

Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are ________ reflexes.

A)

visceral

B)

innate

C)

acquired

D)

somatic

E)

vegetative

A

innate

93
Q

33)

The stretch reflex

A)

is an example of a polysynaptic reflex.

B)

is important in regulating muscle length.

C)

involves a receptor called the Golgi tendon organ.

D)

is activated when a skeletal muscle lengthens.

E)

both B and D

A

e

94
Q

34)

All of the following are true of muscle spindles, except that they

A)

are found within skeletal muscle.

B)

consist of specialized fibers called intrafusal fibers.

C)

are found in tendons.

D)

are the receptor for the stretch reflex.

E)

are innervated by gamma motor neurons.

A

are found in tendons.

95
Q

35)

The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the ________ reflex.

A

B)

tendon

96
Q

36)

The flexor reflex

A)

prevents a muscle from overstretching.

B)

prevents a muscle from generating damaging tension.

C)

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

D)

usually depends on cranial neurons.

E)

is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.

A

C)

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

97
Q

37)

The ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles.

A)

stretch

B)

tendon

C)

flexor

D)

crossed extensor

E)

reciprocal

A

D)

crossed extensor

98
Q

38)

Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called

A)

a crossed extensor reflex.

B)

a stretch reflex.

C)

a tendon reflex.

D)

reciprocal inhibition.

E)

reverberating circuits.

A

d

99
Q

39)

All of the following are true of polysynaptic reflexes, except that they

A)

are arranged according to dermatomes.

B)

are intersegmental in distribution.

C)

involve reciprocal innervation.

D)

have reverberating circuits that prolong the reflexive motor response.

E)

involve pools of interneurons.

A

A)

are arranged according to dermatomes.

100
Q

40)

Recognized neuronal circuit patterns include all of the following, except

A)

convergent.

B)

divergent.

C)

multipolar.

D)

reverberating.

E)

parallel processing.

A

C)

multipolar.

101
Q

41)

The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the

A)

arachnoid.

B)

pia mater.

C)

dura mater.

D)

epidural block.

E)

periosteum.

A

C)

dura mater.

102
Q

42)

The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly

A)

unmyelinated axons.

B)

neuroglia.

C)

Schwann cells.

D)

myelinated axons.

E)

nodes of Ranvier.

A

D)

myelinated axons.

103
Q

43)

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the

A)

perineurium.

B)

epineurium.

C)

endoneurium.

D)

epimysium.

E)

endosteum.

A

A)

perineurium.

104
Q

44)

Compared to the vertebral column, the spinal cord is

A)

longer.

B)

shorter.

C)

the same length.

D)

A, B, or C, depending on age

E)

A or C, depending on age

A

shorter.

105
Q

45)

After age ________ the vertebral column continues to elongate, but the spinal cord itself does not.

A)

8

B)

12

C)

18

D)

4

E)

none of the above

A

D)4

106
Q

46)

In meningitis,

A)

inflammation of the meninges occurs.

B)

bacteria can be the cause.

C)

viruses can be the cause.

D)

CSF flow can be disrupted.

E)

all of the above

A

e

107
Q

47)

Which of the following is true regarding an epidural block?

A)

It is commonly used as a method of pain control during labor and delivery.

B)

It affects only the spinal nerves in the immediate area of the injection.

C)

It can be difficult to achieve in the upper cervical and midthoracic region.

D)

It provides mainly sensory anesthesia.

E)

all of the above

A

e

108
Q

48)

Somatic motor neurons in the spinal cord control all of the following muscles, except those that

A)

position the pectoral girdle.

B)

move the arm.

C)

move the hand and fingers.

D)

move the neck.

E)

move the forearm and hand.

A

d

109
Q

49)

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the

A)

endoneurium.

B)

perineurium.

C)

aponeurium.

D)

metaneurium.

E)

subneurium.

A

a

110
Q

50)

Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex?

A)

normal in newborns

B)

abnormal in adults

C)

a sign of injury to descending spinal tracts

D)

why you close your eyes when you sneeze

E)

flaring of the toes when the sole is stroked

A

d

111
Q

51)

In the condition ________, a virus infects dorsal root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes.

A)

myasthenia gravis

B)

neuronal damage

C)

shingles

D)

chickenpox

E)

Hodgkin’s disease

A

c

112
Q

52)

Each peripheral nerve provides ________ innervation to peripheral structures.

A)

motor

B)

sensory

C)

motor AND sensory

D)

motor OR sensory

E)

both C and D

A

e

113
Q

53)

The ventral rami form four major plexuses, including all of the following, except the ________ plexus.

A)

brachial

B)

lumbar

C)

sacral

D)

nuchal

E)

cervical

A

d

114
Q

54)

If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he

A)

might be unable to breathe on his own.

B)

could walk without difficulty.

C)

would have full range of motion in all extremities.

D)

would be in a coma.

E)

would exhibit none of the above.

A

a

115
Q

56)

The obturator nerve is distributed to the

A)

adductors of the hip.

B)

skin over the perineum.

C)

extensors of the hip.

D)

skin over buttocks.

E)

biceps femoris.

A

a

116
Q

57)

A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will

A)

lead to muscle weakness or paralysis.

B)

interfere with position sense.

C)

mainly interfere with crude touch and temperature sense.

D)

block autonomic regulation.

E)

all of the above

A

a

A

117
Q

58)

Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the

A)

filum terminale.

B)

subarachnoid space.

C)

dura mater.

D)

pia mater.

E)

arachnoid mater.

A

b

118
Q

62)

The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

A)

nerve tracts.

B)

columns.

C)

meninges.

D)

nerve cell bodies.

E)

funiculi.

A

d

119
Q

63)

The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

A)

sensory nuclei.

B)

somatic motor nuclei.

C)

autonomic motor nuclei.

D)

nerve tracts.

E)

sympathetic nuclei.

A

A)

sensory nuclei.

120
Q

64)

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

A)

sensory nuclei.

B)

somatic motor nuclei.

C)

autonomic motor nuclei.

D)

nerve tracts.

E)

sympathetic nuclei.

A

B)

somatic motor nuclei.

121
Q

65)

Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the

A)

central canal.

B)

posterior gray horns.

C)

gray commissures.

D)

anterior white columns.

E)

both B and C

A

d

122
Q

66)

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,

A)

output to skeletal muscles would be blocked.

B)

output to visceral organs would be blocked.

C)

the spinal cord would not be able to process information at that level.

D)

the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord.

E)

sensory input would be blocked.

A

e

123
Q

70)

Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect?

A)

loss of sensation in his torso

B)

inability to breathe

C)

problems with moving his arms

D)

uncontrollable sweating of his feet

E)

problems with moving his legs

A

a

124
Q

The ________ separates the dura mater from the walls of the vertebral canal.

A

epidural space

125
Q

Blood vessels traveling within the ________ deliver oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord.

A

Answer:

subarachnoid space

126
Q

In ________, axon collaterals extend back toward the source of the impulse and further stimulate the earlier neurons.

A

Answer:

reverberation

A&P (3 decks)

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