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BioMechanics 2 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

There is limited research and interest in thoracic spine injuries and biomechanics. What is the exception to this statement?

A

Scoliosis

52

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2
Q

True or False: For a thoracic vertebrae, the AP and transverse diameters are equal giving the vertebrae a square design?

A

True
*Thoracic vertebrae are wedge shaped vertically (1-2mm shorter in front)
(52)

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3
Q

Which TP’s are stronger: lumbar or thoracic?

A

Thoracic

52

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4
Q

True or False: The IVD’s in the thoracic region have the smallest ratio compared to the vertebral body?

A

True
Thoracic = 1:5 Cervical = 2:5 Lumbar = 1:3
(53)

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5
Q

Which rib is the stiffest?

Which rib is the most flexible?

A

Rib 2 = stiffest
Rib 10 = most flexible
(54)

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6
Q

True or False: The stiffness of the stiffest rib (rib 2) is 10-20 times that of the rib cage?

A

False
The stiffness of the rib cage is 10-20 times stiffer than any single rib
(54)

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7
Q

Where is the IAR for thoracic flexion?
Extension?
Lateral Flexion?
Rotation?

A

Thoracic IAR:
Flexion = central superior portion of sub-adjacent body
Extension = central inferior portion of vertebral body
Lateral Flexion = Contralateral sub-adjacent vertebral body
Rotation = Contralateral center of vertebral body
(55-56)

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8
Q

What is the GROM for thoracic Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, and Rotation?

A 
Thoracic GROM
Flexion = 50 degrees
Extension = not included in guidelines
Lateral Flexion = 38 degrees *to each side
Rotation = 37 degrees *to each side
(54-56)
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9
Q

In thoracic vertebrae, which motions increase in a caudal direction: Flexion/extension, Lateral Flexion, Rotation?

A

Flexion/extension, and Lateral Flexion
*Rotation T1-9 = 7-9 degrees; T10-12 = 2 degrees
(54-56)

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10
Q

Which section of the thoracic spine (upper, mid, or lower) has predictable coupled rotation with lateral flexion?
Where do the SPs rotate?

A

Upper Thoracics
SPs rotate to the convexity
*Lateral flexion is coupled w/ rotation to the same side
**In mid and lower thoracics, rotation may go in ether direction
(55)

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11
Q

During lateral flexion, do the ribs open on the concave or convex side?

A

Open on the convex side
Close on the concave side
(59)

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12
Q

During rotation, do the ribs accentuate the rib angle or flatten the rib angle on the side of rotation?

A

Accentuate rib angle on side of rotation
Flatten rib angle on opposite side of rotation
(59)

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13
Q

True or False: The facets open on the opposite side of rotation and the inferior facet glides medially and inferiorly? Therefore, on the same side, the facets approximate and the inferior facet glides laterally and superiorly?

A

False; (backwards) The facets open on the side of rotation, and approximate on opposite side of rotation
(56)

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14
Q

How many degrees is a typical lordotic curve in the cervical spine?

A

30-40 degrees

66

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15
Q

How many degrees is a typical kyphotic curve of the thoracic spine?

A

25-45 degrees

54

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16
Q

In the cervical spine, is a hypolordotic curve or a hyperlordotic curve a better shock absorber?

A

Hyperlordotic
(Hypolordotic = stiff/strait/more rigid)
(67)

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17
Q

Would a hyperlordotic or hyoplordotic curve have an increased compression of the anterior disc?

A

Hypolordotic

67

18
Q

What is the cervical global range of motion for Flexion, Extension, Lateral flexion, and Rotation?

A 
Flexion = 60 degrees
Extension = 75 degrees
Lateral flexion = 45 degrees
Rotation = 80 degrees 
(68)
19
Q

Describe ROM for cervical flexion/extension

A

Greatest in Co-C1, then C1-2, then bellshaped curve C2-3 through C7-T1 (C4-5, 5-6 being greatest ROM in bell curve)
(70)

20
Q

Where is the IAR in flexion/extension of Co-C1?

A

Just above odontoid

70

21
Q

In regards to C0-C1, what will a large % of the population do at the end of cervical flexion?

A

Extend at C0-C1
*Paradoxical movement of the occiput
(70)

22
Q

What are the trends for cervical lateral flexion?

A

Bell shaped curve
(C3-4, C4-5 largest range)
(71)

23
Q

Where is the IAR for Co-C1 lateral flexion?

A

Theoretically midway b/t odontoid tip and EOP

71

24
Q

What are the trends for cervical rotation?

A

C1-2 has 40 degrees (every other joint averages 5 degrees)

71

25
Q

True or False: Facets of Co-C1 are both slightly convex?

A

False; C1-C2 facets are slightly convex (72) Co = convex C1 = Concave (superiorly) (69)

26
Q

Where do the first 25 degrees of cervical rotation occur at?

A

Exclusively at C1-2

73

27
Q

What are the two anterior upper cervical muscles?

A

Rectus capitis anterior
Longus capitis
(74)

28
Q

What are the 4 posterior upper cervical muscles?

A

Rectus capitis post. major and minor
Obliquus capitis superior and inferior
(74)

29
Q

What is the single lateral upper cervical muscle?

A

Rectus capitis lateralis

74

30
Q

What muscles initiate upper cervical flexion?

A

Bilateral anterior concentric activity of rectus capitis anterior and longus capitis
*guided by post. eccentric activity of suboccipitals
(75)

31
Q

What muscles initiate upper cervical extension?

A

Bilateral concentric activity of sub occipitals
*Guided by bilateral eccentric activity of rectus capitis ant. and longus capitis
(75)

32
Q

What muscles initiate upper cervical lateral flexion?

A

Concentric contraction o ipsilateral rectus capitis lateralis
*guided by eccentric contraction of contralateral rectus capitis lateralis
(76)

33
Q

Where is the IAR for lower cervical flexion/extension, and rotation

A

Flex/extension = Ant. portion of subadjacent vertebra
Rotation = Contralateral subadjacent vertebral body
(77 & 79)

34
Q

Which movement of the lower cervical vertebrae involves sagittal rotation and sagittal translation?

A

Flexion/extension

78

35
Q

Going in a caudal direction, does lateral flexion increase or decrease in the lower cervical vertebrae?
What about coupled rotation? (which side does it happen and what is the trend in a caudal direction)

A

Lateral flexion decreases in a caudal direction
Ipsilateral axial rotation decreases caudally as well
(78)

36
Q

What happens to rotation at C7-T1?

A

Significantly decreases

79

37
Q

Which has a greater coupling: rotation w/ coupled ipsilateral lateral flexion, or lateral flexion w/ ipsilateral rotation, or are they the same?

A

More coupling action happens during lateral flexion coupled w/ axial rotation
(79)

38
Q

Which muscles do all of the following actions in cervical vertebrae: Extension, Lateral Flexion, Ipsilateral rotation?

A

Splenius Capitis & Cervicis
Longissimus Capitis & Cervicis
(80)

39
Q

What action does Semispinalis Capitis do?

A

Extension and Lateral Flexion

80

40
Q

Which muscles perform contralateral rotation in cervical vertebrae?

A

Spemispinalis Cervicis, SCM, Multifidus (segmentally), Rotatores (segmentally)
(80-81)

41
Q

Which muscles perform flexion in the cervical vertebrae?

A

Scaleni mm, Longus Colli, Longus Capitis, SCM

80-81

BioMechanics 2 (2 decks)

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