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Phil 61 - Moral Issues > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Environmental ethics is

A

The relationship between humans and non human entities with the natural world

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2
Q

What is the job of environmental ethics

A

Outline moral obligations towards the environment

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3
Q

What are the two determinates for environmental issues

A

A persons ethical standard

A persons domain of ethical concern

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4
Q

What does our relationship with the environment often depend on

What effects this relationship

A

Our assessment of economic costs and benefits

Culture
Worldview

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5
Q

What is culture

A

knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned ways of life shared by a group of people

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6
Q

What is worldview

A

a person’s or group’s beliefs about the meaning, operation, and essence of the world

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7
Q

What factors affect worldview

A

Religion

Community experiences shape attitudes

Politcal ideology - goverment role in protecting environment

Economics

Vested interest

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8
Q

What is vested interest

A

the strong interest of an individual in the outcome of a decision

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9
Q

What is instrumental value

A

valuing something for its benefits by using it

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10
Q

What is intrinsic (inherent) value

A

valuing something for its own sake because it has a right to exist

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11
Q

What do you have if you have a moral standing

A

Intrinsic value = Your continued existence or welfare is valuable in itself

Your interests and well-being must be weighed when deciding what is permissible to do

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12
Q

What are moral duties

A

That which is owed by moral agents to those with moral standing

e.g. it is wrong to kill our children because we have more duty to wards them

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13
Q

Who are moral agents (2)

A

Those who have the freedom and rational capacity to be responsible for choices

Those capable of moral reflection and decision

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14
Q

Example of moral agent

Who is not a moral agent

A

Adult human of sound mind

Infants and mentally infirm adults

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15
Q

Criteria for moral standing within the membership in the species of Homo sapiens includes

A

Humans are moral agents

Responsible for knowing right from wrong

Are Intelligent

Have personhood and self consciousness

Have language

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16
Q

Criteria for moral standing for animals

A

Sentience

Animals have ability to feel pleasure and pain

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17
Q

What in sentience

A

the ability to feel pain

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18
Q

Criteria for moral standing for all animals and plants

A

Being alive

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19
Q

Criteria for moral standing for nature

Extends to…

A

Being part of nature

Extends to:
The entire natural world

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20
Q

What is Anthropocentrism

What does it focus on (2)

A

Human centered morality

Domination

Only humans have moral standing = INTRINSIC VALUE

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21
Q

What does the rest of the natural world have value to anthropocentrilists

A

Usefulness to humans = instrumental value

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22
Q

What is domination

A

the belief that human beings are the central or most significant species on the planet

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23
Q

What do anthropocentrilists claim for the environment

A

that we possess obligations to respect the environment for the sake of human well-being and prosperity

24
Q

Who are the two famous people who extend moral standing to other animals

A

Peter Singer

Tom Regan

25
Q

What point does Singer focus on with moral standing

A

Sentience

26
Q

What point does Regan focus on with moral standing

A

Subjects of a life

That have:
Beliefs
Desires
Perceptions
Memory
Emotions
Sense of Future
Ability to initiate action
27
Q

What is biocentrism

What is the highest ethical value in nature

What is protected under this system

A

all organisms have some intrinsic values and rights.

Biodiversity is the highest ethical value in nature.

All life in nature

28
Q

What is environmental holism

A

granting moral standing to the land community itself, not just its individual members

29
Q

What is Ecocentrism

A

whole ecosystem is more important than the individuals and populations that make up the ecosystem

30
Q

What is stewardship

A

Responsibility to manage and care for a particular place. As custodians of resources, they see their proper role as working together with human and nonhuman forces to sustain life. We all do our part.

31
Q

What are the 3 key propositions

A
  1. the Earth and its creatures have moral status, are worthy of our ethical concern
  2. the Earth and its creatures have intrinsic value
  3. human beings should consider “wholes” that include other forms of life and the environment.
32
Q

What are direct duties towards animals

A

duties owed to the animals themselves (treating animals welfare as an intrinsic good)

33
Q

What are indirect duties towards animals

A

duties to act in certain ways towards animals for the sake of ourselves, others or society (treating animal welfare as an instrumental good)

34
Q

Kantian and utilitarian ethics are extended to…

A

All people, but only people

35
Q

Kant says about ethical status for animals

A

All rational beings are ends in themselves = only humans are rational

We have no direct moral duties to animals (no intrinsic value)

We only have indirect duties to animals as our treatment of them affects the interests of other humans

36
Q

Kant believes that animals are…

A

Not self conscious

Are merely means to an end

Our duties towards animals are merely indirect duties towards humanity

37
Q

Ultilitarianism (on ethical status of animals) is

A

the pleasures and pains of all conscious beings are of equal importance

38
Q

Peter singer is a…

A

Utilitarian

Famous advocate for animal rights

39
Q

Animal liberation is about

A

Making equal ethical consideration to animals just like what we did for all people of different races

40
Q

Speciesism is

A

Discrimination against animals is “speciesism”, analogous to racism

41
Q

Within speciesism, what makes animals a moral subject

A

Sentience

42
Q

What is the major borderline argument that is used to argue for animals rights

A

Babies, mentally retarded as sentient beings

43
Q

What should animals and humans have equal consideration for

A

Preferences = desire to avoid pain

44
Q

We should focus on equal ____ rather than equal ____

A

Consideration

Rather than rights

45
Q

Pro vegetarians think that

A

taking away a life for a insignificant benefit (satisfying a person’s tastes) is unjustified

46
Q

Anti-vivisection is

What is the implication with this technique

A

Use of animals for scientific research

the utilitarian arguments we raise to justify using animals this way would not be accepted as justification for human vivisection, and therefore are not accepted for the case of animals either (except in extreme cases).

47
Q

Who has more moral standing… species or individual animals

Example…

A

Individual animals

Thus, killing two common deer would be a greater sin than killing one endangered tiger

48
Q

Where does Singer draw the borderline for Sentience

A

Between the clam and the shrimp

49
Q

Where do we draw the line at

A

Sentience

50
Q

What are the 5 environment ethical positions

A 
Anthropocentrism
Biocentrism
Ecocentrism
Stewardship
Environmental Holism
51
Q

Deontology therefore focuses on….

A

Intentions rather than consequences

(Non consequentialist) = Kant

52
Q

Ethics is

A

Well founded standard of right and wrong that prescribes what humans ought to do

53
Q

What are the 3 main types of normative ethical theroies

A

Consequentialist

Non consequentialist (deontology)

Virtue Ethics

54
Q

Who focuses on Non consequentialist (deontology)

A

Kant

55
Q

Who focuses on Virtue ethics

A

Artistotle

Phil 61 - Moral Issues (3 decks)

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