Final

Question 1

In the following diagram showing a biomedical transducer system, (1) and (2) are most probably referring to
__________ and __________ , respectively.

Answer 1

In the following diagram showing a biomedical transducer system, (1) and (2) are most probably referring to
INTERFACE CIRCUITS and POWER SUPPLY, respectively.

Question 2

A/An __________ sensor is a device that uses the principle of __________ interaction to detect or measure objects. It develops a type of field when a current flows through it; alternatively, a current will flow through a circuit containing it when the field passing through it __________.

Answer 2

A/An INDUCTIVE sensor is a device that uses the principle of ELECTROMAGNETIC interaction to detect or measure objects. It develops a type of field when a current flows through it; alternatively, a current will flow through a circuit containing it when the field passing through it CHANGES.

Question 3

__________ infrared (IR) sensors are designed to measure temperature __________ via detecting an object’s IR energy.

Answer 3

THERMOPHILE infrared (IR) sensors are designed to measure temperature FROM A DISTANCE via detecting an object’s IR energy.

Question 4

In monitoring the well-being of elderly patients during a possible __________ , one way to measure the tilt angle with reference to the earth’s ground plane, is to use a/an __________.

Answer 4

In monitoring the well-being of elderly patients during a possible FALL , one way to measure the tilt angle with reference to the earth’s ground plane, is to use a/an ACCELEROMETER.

Question 5

__________ is a method of measuring blood flow rate. The most common technique is to measure cardiac output with a pulmonary artery (PA) __________.

Answer 5

THERMODILUTION is a method of measuring blood flow rate. The most common technique is to measure cardiac output with a pulmonary artery (PA) CATHETER.

Question 6

In the resting state, a biological cell is __________ with two poles, a negative pole (the __________ space) and a positive pole (the __________ space).

Answer 6

In the resting state, a biological cell is POLARIZED with two poles, a negative pole (the INTRACELLULAR space) and a positive pole (the EXTRACELLULAR space).

Question 7

The biomedical engineering department of a hospital is in the middle of acquiring low cost reliable sensors for its __________ ward. This sensor is to be used in monitoring contraction frequency and amplitude during labor. It is very likely that the engineers would order __________ sensors.

Answer 7

The biomedical engineering department of a hospital is in the middle of acquiring low cost reliable sensors for its OB/GYN ward. This sensor is to be used in monitoring contraction frequency and amplitude during labor. It is very likely that the engineers would order MINIATURE SILICON MEMS PRESSURE sensors.

Question 8

Biopotentials are basically the electrical spikes which are measured using various instrumentations and have diagnostic indication in electrocardiography, electroencephalography, electromyography, and similar measuring techniques. The frequency range commonly encountered (and which is of most practical interest) is __________.

Answer 8

Biopotentials are basically the electrical spikes which are measured using various instrumentations and have diagnostic indication in electrocardiography, electroencephalography, electromyography, and similar measuring techniques. The frequency range commonly encountered (and which is of most practical interest) is 0.5Hz – 150Hz.

Question 9

In the graph of cell membrane electric potential vs. time, if __________ sodium channels open up (i.e., we __________ reach the __________ ), there will be no action potential. We might see a small peak which is a type of __________ potential.

Answer 9

In the graph of cell membrane electric potential vs. time, if NOT ENOUGH sodium channels open up (i.e., we DO NOT reach the THRESHOLD), there will be no action potential. We might see a small peak which is a type of GRADED potential.

Question 10

When investigating action potentials in biological cells, it is observed that in a/an __________ refractory period there is a total inability to respond, while in a/an __________ refractory period there can be a response to very __________ stimuli.

Answer 10

When investigating action potentials in biological cells, it is observed that in a/an ABSOLUTE refractory period there is a total inability to respond, while in a/an RELATIVE refractory period there can be a response to very LARGE stimuli.

Question 11

During a rest state in an axon, __________ ion/ions has/have the dominant permeability in the cell membrane and that is why the voltage calculated through Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation is very close to the voltage calculated only based on considering this/these ion/ions.

Answer 11

During a rest state in an axon, POTASSIUM ion/ions has/have the dominant permeability in the cell membrane and that is why the voltage calculated through Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation is very close to the voltage calculated only based on considering this/these ion/ions.

Question 12

In an EKG printout, when the sum of all voltages is equal to zero, the voltage remains on a horizontal baseline which is called __________ line. Because there are no deflections on this line, it __________ the patient has no electrical activity in his heart.

Answer 12

In an EKG printout, when the sum of all voltages is equal to zero, the voltage remains on a horizontal baseline which is called ISOELECTRIC line. Because there are no deflections on this line, it DOES NOT NECESSARILY MEAN the patient has no electrical activity in his heart.

Question 13

A stethoscope is used to listen to the two major sounds in the normal heart, which sound like “lub dub”. The “lub” is the first heart sound, commonly termed S1, and is generated by __________ caused by the __________ of __________ and tricuspid valves at the start of systole. The second sound, ”dub” or S2, is caused by the __________ of __________ and pulmonic valves, marking the end of systole.

Answer 13

A stethoscope is used to listen to the two major sounds in the normal heart, which sound like “lub dub”. The “lub” is the first heart sound, commonly termed S1, and is generated by TURBULENCE caused by the CLOSURE of MITRAL and tricuspid valves at the start of systole. The second sound, ”dub” or S2, is caused by the CLOSURE of AORTIC and pulmonic valves, marking the end of systole.

Question 14

An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a portable electronic device that automatically diagnoses the life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias of ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (greater than __________ beats per minute). AED is able to treat these conditions through defibrillation, i.e., through the application of electric __________ which stops the arrhythmia, allowing the heart to re-establish an effective rhythm.

Answer 14

An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a portable electronic device that automatically diagnoses the life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias of ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (greater than 100 beats per minute). AED is able to treat these conditions through defibrillation, i.e., through the application of electric SHOCK which stops the arrhythmia, allowing the heart to re-establish an effective rhythm.

Question 15

In the following diagram that depicts a self-adhesive ECG electrode, (1) and (2) are __________ and __________ , respectively.

Answer 15

In the following diagram that depicts a self-adhesive ECG electrode, (1) and (2) are Ag/AgCl ELECTRODE and GEL SOAKED SPONGE , respectively.

Question 16

Electroencephalograph is an instrument for measuring and recording the electric activity of the __________. One of it applications is to diagnose epilepsy, which is characterized either by mild, episodic loss of attention or sleepiness ( __________ seizures) or by severe convulsions with loss of consciousness ( __________ seizures).

Answer 16

Electroencephalograph is an instrument for measuring and recording the electric activity of the BRAIN. One of it applications is to diagnose epilepsy, which is characterized either by mild, episodic loss of attention or sleepiness (PETITE MAL or ABSENT seizures) or by severe convulsions with loss of consciousness (GRAND MAL or TONIC-CLONIC seizures).

Question 17

Electrocorticography (ECoG) is the technique of recording the electrical activity of the __________ by means of electrodes placed __________ on it.

Answer 17

Electrocorticography (ECoG) is the technique of recording the electrical activity of the CEREBRAL CORTEX by means of electrodes placed DIRECTLY on it.

Question 18

It is often necessary to localize the focus of the epileptic brain activity with a spatial resolution greater than what is provided by scalp EEG. This is because the __________ , skull, and scalp smear the electrical potentials recorded by scalp EEG. These three have much stronger effects than other contributing factors.

Answer 18

It is often necessary to localize the focus of the epileptic brain activity with a spatial resolution greater than what is provided by scalp EEG. This is because the CEREBROSPINAL FLUID, skull, and scalp smear the electrical potentials recorded by scalp EEG. These three have much stronger effects than other contributing factors.

Question 19

The following electromechanical surgical tool (bur) is a form of __________ used for creating openings in bone or similar hard material. Particularly, it is used in craniotomy, which is the operation of opening the __________.

Answer 19

The following electromechanical surgical tool (bur) is a form of ROTARY CUTTING DRILL used for creating openings in bone or similar hard material. Particularly, it is used in craniotomy, which is the operation of opening the SKULL.

Question 20

EEG may be used to monitor the depth of __________ , as an __________ indicator of cerebral perfusion in carotid endarterectomy, or to monitor amobarbital effect during the Wada test. Here, endarterectomy is mostly referring to a surgical operation for __________ the fatty deposits or blockage in the carotid artery narrowed by the buildup of fatty tissue.

Answer 20

EEG may be used to monitor the depth of ANESTHESIA , as an INDIRECT indicator of cerebral perfusion in carotid endarterectomy, or to monitor amobarbital effect during the Wada test. Here, endarterectomy is mostly referring to a surgical operation for REMOVING the fatty deposits or blockage in the carotid artery narrowed by the buildup of fatty tissue.

Question 21

Each electrode in electroencephalograph is connected to one input of a differential amplifier and a common system voltage reference electrode is connected to the other input of each differential amplifier. These amplifiers amplify the between the active electrode and the reference, typically __________ dB of voltage gain.

Answer 21

Each electrode in electroencephalograph is connected to one input of a differential amplifier and a common system voltage reference electrode is connected to the other input of each differential amplifier. These amplifiers amplify the between the active electrode and the reference, typically 60 – 100 dB of voltage gain.

Question 22

In normal brain waves detected by EEG, the order of increasing frequency (from lowest to highest) is __________ , respectively.

Answer 22

In normal brain waves detected by EEG, the order of increasing frequency (from lowest to highest) is DELTA, THETA, ALPHA, BETA , respectively.

Question 23

A patient who is __________ would most probably show brain activities in the frequency range of __________ waves, while when __________ would show __________ waves characteristics.

Answer 23

A patient who is UNDER GENERAL ANESTHESIA would most probably show brain activities in the frequency range of THETA waves, while when AWAKE AND ALERT would show BETA waves characteristics.

Question 24

EMG commonly has a signal amplitude between __________ mV.

Answer 24

EMG commonly has a signal amplitude between 0.1 – 100 mV.

Question 25

An __________ may be used for neuromuscular monitoring in general anesthesia with neuromuscular- blocking drugs, in order to avoid __________ residual curarization.

Answer 25

An ACCELEROMYOGRAPH may be used for neuromuscular monitoring in general anesthesia with neuromuscular- blocking drugs, in order to avoid POSTOPERATIVE residual curarization.

Question 26

When placing the EMG sensor, the ideal location is at the __________ of the muscle.

Answer 26

When placing the EMG sensor, the ideal location is at the BELLY of the muscle.

Question 27

Diagram (A) shows a __________ configuration for EMG measurements, while Diagram (B) shows a __________ configuration. Due to the differential amplification in __________ recordings, this configuration is able to selectively __________ the difference in the signal (from the muscle action potential) while __________ the common signal.

Answer 27

Diagram (A) shows a MONOPOLAR configuration for EMG measurements, while Diagram (B) shows a BIPOLAR configuration. Due to the differential amplification in BIPOLAR recordings, this configuration is able to selectively AMPLIFY the difference in the signal (from the muscle action potential) while SUPPRESSING the common signal.

Question 28

In the following oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve used in pulse oximetry, when blood pH is decreased we will observe a __________ shift. A/An __________ in blood temperature will have the same outcome.

Answer 28

In the following oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve used in pulse oximetry, when blood pH is decreased we will observe a RIGHT shift. A/An INCREASE in blood temperature will have the same outcome.

Question 29

Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method for monitoring a patient’s __________. However, its reading of __________ is not always identical to the more desirable reading of __________ of blood gas analysis.

Answer 29

Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method for monitoring a patient’s SaO2. However, its reading of SpO2 is not always identical to the more desirable reading of SaO2 of blood gas analysis.

Question 30

Oximeters work by the principles of __________. That is, pulse oximeters measure the relative absorption of __________ light (absorbed by deoxygenated blood) and __________ light (absorbed by oxygenated blood).

Answer 30

Oximeters work by the principles of SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. That is, pulse oximeters measure the relative absorption of RED light (absorbed by deoxygenated blood) and INFRARED light (absorbed by oxygenated blood).

Question 31

Poor perfusion is the main cause of an inadequate pulse wave in pulse oximetry. A sharp waveform with a __________ waveform indicates good perfusion, whilst a __________ waveform suggests poor perfusion. It is known that the dicrotic notch is observed mainly due to the sudden closure of the __________ valve.

Answer 31

Poor perfusion is the main cause of an inadequate pulse wave in pulse oximetry. A sharp waveform with a DICROTIC NOTCH waveform indicates good perfusion, whilst a SINE WAVE-LIKE waveform suggests poor perfusion. It is known that the dicrotic notch is observed mainly due to the sudden closure of the AORTIC valve.

Question 32

A photoplethysmogram (PPG) is an optically obtained plethysmogram that can be used to detect blood __________ in the microvascular bed of tissue. A PPG is often obtained by using a __________ which illuminates the skin and measures changes in light __________.

Answer 32

A photoplethysmogram (PPG) is an optically obtained plethysmogram that can be used to detect blood VOLUME CHANGES in the microvascular bed of tissue. A PPG is often obtained by using a PULSE OXIMETER which illuminates the skin and measures changes in light ABSORPTION.

Question 33

__________ blood pressure is the pressure inside the arteries when the heart is resting between beats. It __________ an arm cuff and stethoscope. In most cases, one can use his/her pulse for a rough estimate of __________ pressure.

Answer 33

DIASTOLIC blood pressure is the pressure inside the arteries when the heart is resting between beats. It MUST ALWAYS BE an arm cuff and stethoscope. In most cases, one can use his/her pulse for a rough estimate of SYSTOLIC pressure.

Question 34

In a __________ fetal heart detector, usually two crystals (transducers) are employed, while in a __________ detector, only one crystal is used. Also, if there is a need to generate color flow images, a __________ detector can usually be used.

Answer 34

In a CONTINUOUS fetal heart detector, usually two crystals (transducers) are employed, while in a PULSED detector, only one crystal is used. Also, if there is a need to generate color flow images, a PULSED detector can usually be used.

Question 35

In Doppler fetal heart detectors,
waves changes __________ the __________ and direction of the moving structures. Fetal heart detectors amplify this __________ frequency change (i.e., Doppler shift), and channel it to speakers or headphones.

Answer 35

In Doppler fetal heart detectors,
waves changes IN PROPORTION TO the VELOCITY and direction of the moving structures. Fetal heart detectors amplify this AUDIBLE frequency change (i.e., Doppler shift), and channel it to speakers or headphones.

Question 36

__________ is a type of medical test conducted during pregnancy that records fetal heart rate (FHR) and uterine activity/contractions (UA). Utilizing an electronic fetal monitor (EFM), this __________ test is commonly performed during the third trimester of pregnancy.

Answer 36

CARDIOTOCOGRAPHY is a type of medical test conducted during pregnancy that records fetal heart rate (FHR) and uterine activity/contractions (UA). Utilizing an electronic fetal monitor (EFM), this OBSTETRICS test is commonly performed during the third trimester of pregnancy.

Question 37

In an __________ blood glucose meter (BGM), the blood sample is exposed to a membrane covering the reagent pad, which is coated with an enzyme. The reaction causes a/an __________ change. In an __________ BGM, a sensor is used to measure the __________ produced when the enzyme converts glucose to gluconic acid.

Answer 37

In an OPTICAL blood glucose meter (BGM), the blood sample is exposed to a membrane covering the reagent pad, which is coated with an enzyme. The reaction causes a/an COLOUR change. In an ELECTROCHEMICAL BGM, a sensor is used to measure the CURRENT produced when the enzyme converts glucose to gluconic acid.

Question 38

The primary purpose of an infant incubator used for preterm newborns is to surround the infant with some of the environmental conditions (such as adequate temperature, humidity, and __________ levels) normally provided in
the womb. Prolonged __________ stress in neonates can cause rapid depletion of glycogen stores. To maintain adequate humidity, an electronic device called an ultrasonic __________ can be used which generates ultrasound waves (__________) that break up water into an aerosol mist (5 to 7 μm).

Answer 38

The primary purpose of an infant incubator used for preterm newborns is to surround the infant with some of the environmental conditions (such as adequate temperature, humidity, and OXYGEN levels) normally provided in
the womb. Prolonged COLD stress in neonates can cause rapid depletion of glycogen stores. To maintain adequate humidity, an electronic device called an ultrasonic NEBULIZER can be used which generates ultrasound waves (1 MHz to 2 MHz) that break up water into an aerosol mist (5 to 7 μm).

Question 39

In monopolar electrosurgery, tissue is cut or __________ by completion of an electrical circuit that includes a high frequency oscillator. The electrosurgical current __________ the patient through a dispersive electrode. In bipolar electrosurgery, there are two electrodes, as the equivalent of the __________ and return electrodes in the monopolar mode.

Answer 39

In monopolar electrosurgery, tissue is cut or COAGULATED by completion of an electrical circuit that includes a high frequency oscillator. The electrosurgical current EXITS the patient through a dispersive electrode. In bipolar electrosurgery, there are two electrodes, as the equivalent of the ACTIVE and return electrodes in the monopolar mode.
c

Question 40

Different waveforms can be used for different electrosurgical procedures. For cutting, a __________ is often employed.

Answer 40

Different waveforms can be used for different electrosurgical procedures. For cutting, a CONTINUOUS is often employed.